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CHAPTER 14 CRUCIBLE OF FREEDOM: CIVIL WAR 1861-1865 Analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery into western territories contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Confine your answer to the period 1845– 1861. INTRODUCTION Immediately after Fort Sumter’s fall, volunteers flocked to the Union and Confederate armies Filled with loyalty and patriotism for their respective sides, neither soldiers nor politicians foresaw the long, bloody war ahead As the Civil War dragged on and on both the Union and Confederate govts. were forced to impose the draft and adopt other policies • One out of every 5 soldiers who fought died INTRODUCTION (CONT.) Most important the Union, which entered the War with no objective beyond stopping secession, discovered that in order to win the war it also had to emancipate the slaves INTRODUCTION (CONT.) 1.) What advantages did each combatant, Union and Confederate, possess at the start of the Civil War? 2.) How successfully did the govts. and economies of the North and South respond to the pressures of war? 3.) How did the issue of emancipation transform the war? 4.) What factors determined the military outcome of the war? 5.) In what lasting ways did the Civil War change the United States as a nation? MOBILIZING FOR WAR Recruitment and Conscription North and South alike were unprepared for war In the spring of 1861, the Union had a small army 16,000 Mostly in the West 1/3 of the Union army officers resigned to join the Confederacy MOBILIZING FOR WAR (CONT.) April 1862 Confederacy passed the 1st conscription law The act exempted from the draft people in several occupations and those who owned or oversaw 20 or more slaves • The 20-Negro law led nonslaveholders to complain that this was “a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.” MOBILIZING FOR WAR (CONT.) The South managed to procure the arms it needed but was less successful in providing its troops with food and clothing It imposed the Impressment Act 1863 1.) Allowed govt. agents to take food supplies from farmers at a set price 2.) seize slaves to work for the army This law was hated even more than the Conscription Act MOBILIZING FOR WAR (CONT.) Enrollment Act • 1863 • Made all able-bodied white males ages 20-45 eligible for the draft • Granted exemptions • 1.)Permitted men to buy substitutes to serve in their place • 2.) Excused those who paid the govt. a $300 commutation fee By the war’s end 2.8 million men served on either side UNION SOLDIERS FINANCING THE WAR Both sides sold war bonds and printed unbacked paper money Greenback Union paper money Did not depreciate unduly The federal govt. made greenbacks legal tender Imposed stiff new taxes to keep The govt. solvent FINANCING THE WAR (CONT.) The South More reluctant to impose and collect new taxes Tried to pay its bills by printing more and more paper money Saw its currency depreciate drastically FINANCING THE WAR (CONT.) The North also passed the National Bank Act Permitted federally chartered banks to issue national bank notes Backed by the federal govt. Tax history website POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN WARTIME Lincoln faced opposition from northern Democrats Disliked the National Bank Act The draft The emancipation of slaves He also faced opposition from the Radical Republicans End slavery Criticized his lenient reconstruction plans Salmon Chase, Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN WARTIME (CONT.) In the face of this opposition, Republicans rallied behind Lincoln Coalesced into a strong political entity Rule federal elections for years POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN WARTIME (CONT.) Jefferson Davis was less successful in containing factionalism Embroiled in destructive fights with his VP (Alexander Stephens) and other states’ rights leaders Securing the Union’s Borders Lincoln wanted to protect Washington D.C. Needed the border states to stay in the Union Lincoln occupied the border states militarily and suspended the writ of habeas corpus Arrested prosecession supporters without charge Securing the Union’s Borders (cont.) The Supreme Court in Ex parte Merryman ruled Lincoln’s actions as unconstitutional • Ex parte Merryman Supreme Court Case • Lincoln defied the Court With Lincoln’s emergency measures, MD, DE, KY, and MO stayed in the Union IN BATTLE, 1861-1862 Armies, Weapons, and Strategies • North’s advantages: • • • • Larger population Many more white men of fighting age Control of 90% of the country’s industry Control of 2/3’s of the country’s railroad track ARMIES, WEAPONS, AND STRATEGIES (CONT.) South’s advantages: • Fighting a defensive war on its home territory • Could use a larger population of its white men for fighting • Slave labor carried out nonmilitary activities ARMIES, WEAPONS, AND STRATEGIES (CONT.) The improved bullets and Springfield or Enfield rifles used during the Civil War increased the infantry’s firepower • Reduced the effectiveness of cavalry • Encouraged the digging of trenches • Put a premium on the element of surprise in an attack ARMIES, WEAPONS, AND STRATEGIES (CONT.) Anaconda plan Union plan at the start of the War Sealing off the South with a blockade of its coastline and cutting it in 2 by gaining control of the Mississippi River In 1861, the Union did not yet have enough ships and troops to carry out the plan Anaconda Plan ANACONDA PLAN STALEMATE IN THE EAST (CONT.) Battle of Antietam Sharpsburg, MD Sept. 1862 Lee hoped with this invasion to: Seize needed food Threaten Washington D.C. Increase peace sentiment in the North Convince GB and France to recognize the Confederacy STALEMATE IN THE EAST (CONT.) Battle of Antietam (cont.) • Union forces under McClellan halted Lee’s advance and forced him to retreat southward • Stopped Confederacy from advancing North • Allowed Lincoln to prepare the Emancipation Proclamation • 23,000 were killed THE WAR IN THE WEST (CONT.) Battle of Shiloh Southern TN April 6-7, 1862 23,800 total casualties 110,000 total troops Union victory The Soldiers’ War The typical Civil war soldier (Union or Confederate) was a volunteer Came from a farm or small town Ended up serving in the infantry Usually enlisted with visions of military glory and proving his “manhood” The Soldiers’ War (cont.) His real war experiences soon stripped away romantic illusions Life in army camps was tedious The food was bad in the Union army and scarce in the Confederate Confederate soldiers often lacked blankets, clothes, and shoes Poor sanitation in the camps of both armies High rates of disease, lice, flies, ticks, and rats The Soldiers’ War (cont.) The casualty rates in battles were horrendous Shiloh and Antietam were the worst In their letters home, Confederate soldiers often claimed to be fighting for southern rights and to protect slavery Union soldiers at first said little about abolishing slavery but mentioned the need for emancipation more often as the war continued either for humanitarian reasons or as the best way to defeat the South IRONCLADS AND CRUISERS: THE NAVAL WAR The Union gradually tightened its blockade It further disrupted foreign trade vital to the Confederacy Captured ports and coastal areas IRONCLADS AND CRUISERS: THE NAVAL WAR (CONT.) Confederate attempts to break the stranglehold with an ironclad ship led to the Battle of the Merrimac and the Monitor Merrimac=Confederacy Monitor=Union March 8-9, 1862 draw IRONCLADS AND CRUISERS: THE NAVAL WAR (CONT.) MONITOR MERRIMAC THE DIPLOMATIC WAR The Confederacy tried to convince France and Britain that it was in their interests to extend diplomatic recognition Hoping to establish a colonial empire in Mexico, Napoleon III of France had grounds to welcome a permanent division in the United States The South expected active help from the British, who desperate for the South’s cotton, might be counted on to break the Union blockade THE DIPLOMATIC WAR (CONT.) There was tension between the Union and the British over the Trent affair Confederate diplomats were captured by the British USA was concerned if the British had a right to capture the diplomats British let them go after about 2 weeks Tension also over the commerce raiders and rams built for the Confederacy in England THE DIPLOMATIC WAR (CONT.) But the South’s “cotton diplomacy” failed The British had stockpiles of cotton on hand at the start of the war and then found alternative sources of cotton supplies Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation won British sympathy for the Union • Turned the struggle into a war against slavery FROM CONFISCATION TO EMANCIPATION (CONT.) Lincoln at first resisted calls for emancipation • He did not want to push the border slave states into secession • He also knew many northerners feared that freedmen might come north and compete for jobs Radical Republicans demanded immediate emancipation • pointed out that the South’s use of slave labor was helping it militarily FROM CONFISCATION TO EMANCIPATION (CONT.) After early Union defeats, many northerners agreed that it was necessary to strike a blow against slavery to beat the Confederacy Second Confiscation Act July 1862 Authorized freeing slaves who came within Union lines Also authorized using black soldiers Lincoln hesitated a while longer to enforce this law FROM CONFISCATION TO EMANCIPATION (CONT.) Lincoln failed to persuade Union slave states to accept federally compensated abolition Lincoln drafted his Emancipation Proclamation • It stated that as of Jan. 1, 1863, all slaves in areas then in rebellion were “forever free” It only applied in areas not controlled by the Union • At first it freed no slaves FROM CONFISCATION TO EMANCIPATION (CONT.) Issuing it was a masterful move: It satisfied Radical Republicans Appealed to antislavery sentiment in GB and France Forestalling their recognition of the Confederacy Encouraged slaves to run away and join the Union army Emancipation Proclamation CROSSING UNION LINES By 1865 about half a million former slaves were in Union-held territory Some worked for the army Others worked for loyal planters Others worked on abandoned plantation lands Many Union soldiers were bitterly prejudiced against blacks began to change their attitudes as black spies and scouts helped them BLACK SOLDIERS IN THE UNION ARMY After Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, large numbers of blacks were accepted in the Union army By 1865, 186,000 blacks had served Made-up 1/10 of all Union soldiers BLACK SOLDIERS IN THE UNION ARMY (CONT.) The black troops suffered much discrimination Placed in segregated regiments Commanded by white officers Received less pay Suffered a higher mortality rate than whites Despite unfair treatment, they served the Union well SLAVERY IN WARTIME Southerners attempted to maintain control over their slaves by: stepping up patrols telling slaves horror stories about the Yankees moving slaves far from Union lines Nonetheless, slaves ran to Union camps Others remained on the plantation doing little or no work SLAVERY IN WARTIME (CONT.) Near the end of the War the Confederate congress passed a bill to arm 300 slave soldiers The plan was never put into effect THE TURNING POINT OF 1863 In the summer and fall of 1863, the Union scored important victories Lee’s invasion of the North was turned back at Gettysburg in July Simultaneously, Grant took Vicksburg, and Port Hudson fell to another Union force • The North then controlled the whole Mississippi River VICKSBURG GETTYSBURG GETTYSBURG WAR AND SLAVERY, NORTH AND SOUTH The War’s Economic Impact: The North • War-related industries and the railroads boomed • The Republican-dominated Congress enacted measures that encouraged further business development: • Raising tariffs • Chartering and granting land and loans to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroad corporations • Build a transcontinental line • Creating a new national banking system The War’s Economic Impact: The North (cont.) Other legislation benefited the West Homestead Act (1862) 160 acres of land in the West Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) Set up universities Military tactics, engineering, and agriculture MSU, WI, KY, PSU, IA State THE UNION VICTORIOUS, 18641865 The Eastern Theater in 1864 In 1864, Lincoln put Ulysses S. Grant in command of all Union armies Grant moved his headquarters to the eastern theater Proceeded to attack Lee in VA THE EASTERN THEATER IN 1864 (CONT.) Grant proceeded to attack Lee in VA At the same time, Grant ordered General Sherman to invade GA THE ELECTION OF 1864 Lincoln faced a tough fight First from the Radical Republicans Preferred to nominate Salmon Chase Then from peace Democrats Nominated George McClellan To win the votes of prowar Democrats and Lincoln and the Republicans nominated prowar Tennessee Unionist, Andrew Jackson for VP THE ELECTION OF 1864 (CONT.) Sherman’s capture of Atlanta in Sept. clinched Lincoln’s victory in Nov. Sherman’s March Through Georgia After burning march of Atlanta, Sherman marched across GA to Savannah His army lived off the countryside and seized or destroyed everything of possible military value Sherman’s March Through Georgia (cont.) In Dec. 1864, Sherman too Savannah and turned north to SC The destruction visited on SC was even greater than GA Climaxed with the gutting of the Columbia (the capital of SC) Sherman then continued into NC TOWARD APPOMATTOX While Sherman swung north, Grant close in on Lee’s army By spring 1865, Confederate morale had broken and men were deserting in droves On April 3, Grant entered Richmond Lee made a last attempt to escape from the Union army Soon Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse THE IMPACT OF THE WAR The Civil War killed some 620,000 Americans More than any other war the nation has fought It ruined the southern economy but stimulated industrialization and capital in the North While the Civil War did not wipe out the states’ rights doctrine, it did greatly strengthen the federal govt. THE IMPACT OF THE WAR (CONT.) There would be no more attempts at secession The War ended ended slavery But it left undecided the future of 3.5 million freedmen CONCLUSION Historians still debate the question of why the North won the Civil War Certainly the North had great advantages over the Confederacy in manpower, industry and railroads But it also had a much tougher task than the Confederacy To win, the North had to invade and conquer the South and destroy it armies and resources CONCLUSION (CONT.) The South had only to fight a defensive war on its home ground Keeping its territory and armies intact until the Union tired of struggle and accepted secession Some historians attribute the North’s victory primarily to the Confederacy’s internal weaknesses Still others say the North prevailed because it won key battles, but often not by much CONCLUSION (CONT.) Therefore, chance played an important part in the outcome Whatever the reasons for the Union’s triumph the legacy of the Civil War is clearer • It ended slavery • Forged a stronger federal govt. • Weakened states’ rights • Heightened nationalism