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Major Battles of the Civil War • April 1861 -- Attack on Fort Sumter. • When President Lincoln planned to send supplies to Fort Sumter, he alerted the state in advance, in an attempt to avoid hostilities. South Carolina, however, feared a trick; the commander of the fort, Robert Anderson, was asked to surrender immediately. Anderson offered to surrender, but only after he had exhausted his supplies. His offer was rejected, and on April 12, the Civil War began with shots fired on the fort. Fort Sumter eventually was surrendered to South Carolina. • July 1861 -- First Battle of Bull Run. • Public demand pushed General-in-Chief Winfield Scott to advance on the South before adequately training his untried troops. Scott ordered General Irvin McDowell to advance on Confederate troops stationed at Manassas Junction, Virginia. McDowell attacked on July 21, and was initially successful, but the introduction of Confederate reinforcements resulted in a Southern victory and a chaotic retreat toward Washington by federal troops. • April 1862 -- The Battle of Shiloh. • On April 6, Confederate forces attacked Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant at Shiloh, Tennessee. By the end of the day, the federal troops were almost defeated. Yet, during the night, reinforcements arrived, and by the next morning the Union commanded the field. When Confederate forces retreated, the exhausted federal forces did not follow. Casualties were heavy -- 13,000 out of 63,000 Union soldiers died, and 11,000 of 40,000 Confederate troops were killed The Battle of Shiloh Mini Site side of him Island No. 10 and New Orleans • The Battle of Island Number Ten was a military engagement on the Mississippi River during the Civil War. Union land and naval forces besieged and captured the island in early 1862, further opening the river. The Battle of Second Manassas: August 28-30, 1862 In August 1862, Union and Confederate armies converged for a second time on the plains of Manassas. The naive enthusiasm that preceded the earlier encounter was gone. War was not the holiday outing or grand adventure envisioned by the young recruits of 1861. The contending forces, now made up of seasoned veterans, knew well the realities of war. The Battle of Second Manassas, covering three days, produced far greater carnage-3,300 killed-and brought the Confederacy to the height of its power. Still the battle did not weaken Northern resolve. The war's final outcome was yet unknown, and it would be left to other battles to decide whether the sacrifice at Manassas was part of the high price of Southern independence, or the cost of one country again united under the national standard. • GRAND TOTAL - 9,420 (South) • GRAND TOTAL - 14,449 (North) • September 1862 -- Antietam. • On September 17, Confederate forces under General Lee were caught by General McClellan near Sharpsburg, Maryland. This battle proved to be the bloodiest day of the war; 2,108 Union soldiers were killed and 9,549 wounded -- 2,700 Confederates were killed and 9,029 wounded. The battle had no clear winner, but because General Lee withdrew to Virginia, McClellan was considered the victor. The battle convinced the British and French -- who were contemplating official recognition of the Confederacy -- to reserve action, and gave Lincoln the opportunity to announce his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (September 22), which would free all slaves in areas rebelling against the United States, effective January 1, 1863. • June-July 1863 -- The Gettysburg Campaign. • Gettysburg, Pa. June 1863 Confederate General Lee decided to take the war to the enemy. On June 13, he defeated Union forces at Winchester, Virginia, and continued north to Pennsylvania. General Hooker, who had been planning to attack Richmond, was instead forced to follow Lee. Hooker, never comfortable with his commander, General Halleck, resigned on June 28, and General George Meade replaced him as commander of the Army of the Potomac. • On July 1, a chance encounter between Union and Confederate forces began the Battle of Gettysburg. In the fighting that followed, Meade had greater numbers and better defensive positions. He won the battle, but failed to follow Lee as he retreated back to Virginia. Militarily, the Battle of Gettysburg was the high-water mark of the Confederacy; it is also significant because it ended Confederate hopes of formal recognition by foreign governments. On November 19, President Lincoln dedicated a portion of the Gettysburg battlefield as a national cemetery, and delivered his memorable "Gettysburg Address." Little Round Top Dead Confederate Soldier in Devil’ Den “The Harvest of Death” November 1864 -- General William T. Sherman's March to the Sea. General Sherman continued his march through Georgia to the sea. In the course of the march, he cut himself off from his source of supplies, planning for his troops to live off the land. His men cut a path 300 miles in length and 60 miles wide as they passed through Georgia, destroying factories, bridges, railroads, and public buildings. General William Tecumseh Sherman Burning of a Railroad Station Map of Sherman's March to the Sea imposed on a map of Georgia showing railroads of 1864 Allatoona Pass, shortly after the battle. Note the Clayton (now Mooney) House to the left of the picture (still standing). Also the artillery stables at the top of the hill on right. Part of the fort can been seen on the top of the ridge to the left of the pass. • April 1865 -- Fallen Richmond. • On March 25, General Lee attacked General Grant's forces near Petersburg, but was defeated -attacking and losing again on April 1. On April 2, Lee evacuated Richmond, the Confederate capital, and headed west to join with other forces. Shells of the buildings of Richmond, silhouetted against a dark sky after the destruction by Confederates fleeing advancing Union forces, 1865. • April 1865 -- Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. • General Lee's troops were soon surrounded, and on April 7, Grant called upon Lee to surrender. On April 9, the two commanders met at Appomattox Courthouse, and agreed on the terms of surrender. Lee's men were sent home on parole -- soldiers with their horses, and officers with their side arms. All other equipment was surrendered. Large Easy to Read Map | Printable PDF "The Surrender" by Keith Rocco is based upon research by National Park Service Historians and Curators. On April 9, 1865 after four years of Civil War, approximately 630,000 deaths and over 1 million casualties, General Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, at the home of Wilmer and Virginia McLean in the rural town of Appomattox Court House, Virginia. April 14, 1865 -- The Assassination of President Lincoln at Ford’s Theater Major Henry Rathbone and his fiancé Clara Harris with the President The Conspirators Hanging Preparations From left: John Wilkes Booth, Edwin Booth, and Junius Booth End of Battles Slideshow New Military Technology • • • • • • • • Ironclads “Ironsides” Artillery (Many different improved types) Ammunition Move away from musket towards repeating rifles Use of Cavalry Use of Signal Corps Hot Air Balloons Medical techniques The First Ironclad built in AmericaUSS St. Louis USS Merrimac to CSS Virginia • Battle of the "Monitor" and the "Merrimac" -- March 1862 • In an attempt to reduce the North's great naval advantage, Confederate engineers converted a scuttled Union frigate, the U.S.S. Merrimac, into an iron-sided vessel rechristened the C.S.S. Virginia. On March 9, in the first naval engagement between ironclad ships, the Monitor fought the Virginia to a draw, but not before the Virginia had sunk two wooden Union warships off Norfolk, Virginia. Basic Terminology This is a schematic of a Napoleon, with the addition of a chamber purely for illustrative purposes. (From Dean S. Thomas, Cannons: An Introduction to Civil War Artillery) a - knob b - neck c - vent d - trunnion e - muzzle swell f - muzzle face g - muzzle h - rimbase i - cascable j - breech k - chamber l - bore Name Tube Length Tube Weight Bore Range1 Diameter Material GUNS Six-Pounder, M1841 60 inches 884 pounds 3.67 inches 1520 yards Bronze Light 12-pounder, M18572 66 inches 1227 pounds 4.62 inches 1620 yards Bronze 10-pounder Parrott, M1861 78 inches 890 pounds 2.9 inches 2000 yards Cast Iron 20-Pounder Parrott 89 inches 1750 pounds 3.67 inches 2100 yards Cast Iron 3-inch ordnance rifle 73 inches 816 pounds 3.0 inches 1850 yards Wrought Iron 12-Pounder 53 inches 778 pounds 4.62 inches 1100 yards Bronze 24-pounder 65 inches 1318 pounds 5.82 inches 1325 yards Bronze Mountain Howitzer 37 inches 220 pounds 4.62 inches 900 yards Bronze HOWITZERS Artillery (Indirect Fire) • • • • • Cannons Guns Howitzer Mortar Muzzle Loader Vs. Breechloader 13-inch seacoast mortar Scan courtesy Dave Smith Rampart In both temporary and permanent fortifications a rampart was a mound of earth that enclosed the fortified ground. Its basic purpose was to shield the interior of a fortification from horizontal artillery fire and increase the relief of the work to protect it against assault by storming or escalade. In most cases the exterior side of the rampart formed the scarp wall which was retained with at a slope of 1 base for 24 of height by a masonry wall buttressed by internal counterforts. The interior side could either be revetted or allowed to fall with a gentle slope to form the ramp of the terre-plein of the rampart. Ramparts were rarely included in the profile of field fortifications, but were employed on occasion to increase the relief of an important and provide the artillery armament with a better command of the surrounding country than it would otherwise have. In sea-coast field fortifications ramparts were sometimes used to provide the artillery armament with a better angle to fire down on warships engaging the fortification. The Balloons With The Army Of The Potomac THE MILITARYTELEGRAPH SERVICE Telegraph battery-wagon near Petersburg, June 1864 War on Horseback Springfield Rifle Musket The most frequently used rifle of the Civil War was the American-made Springfield rifle musket (above)--a single-shot, muzzle-loading gun detonated with a percussion cap. Not only did it have the rifled barrel, which dramatically increased accuracy over a smoothbore musket, but it also was the first rifle to fire the famous .58 cal. Minié ball-an inch-long, bullet-shaped projectile, rather than a round ball as used in older muskets. The 39-inch-long rifled barrel made it possible to hit a target with a Minié ball as far away as 500 yards. By the end of the war, approximately 1.5 million Springfield rifle muskets had been produced by the Springfield Armory and 20 subcontractors. Since the South lacked sufficient manufacturing capability, most of the Springfields in Southern hands were captured on the battlefields during the early part of the war. Spencer repeating rifle The Spencer repeating rifle was a manually operated lever-action, repeating rifle fed from a tube magazine with cartridges. It was adopted by the Union Army, especially by the cavalry, during the American Civil War, but did not replace the standard issue muzzle-loading rifled muskets in use at the time. The Spencer carbine was a shorter and lighter version. As many as 50 of the .52 calibre breechloading Billinghurst-Requa batteries, as they were called, were produced for the Union. Some were used in battles, though with limited effect. This gun used a light carriage to mount 25 rifled barrels side by side. When loaded and primed, the gun was set off by use of a lanyard -firing the barrels in sequence with a rippling sound. Several different types of rapid-firing weapons were designed and produced during the war, although few saw much actual service. The first machine-gun type weapon ever used in combat was built for the Confederate War Dept in Sept 1861. The Williams breech-loading rapid-fire gun was first used at the Battle of Seven Pines and worked so well that the War Dept ordered 42 more of them. The gun was actually a crank-operated, very light artillery piece that fired a one-pound (1.57 calibre) projectile with a range of 2,000 yards. It was operated by a crew of three and could fire at a rate of 65 rounds per minute. One operator aimed and fired the weapon by turning the crank, the second placed a paper cartridge into the breech, and the third placed the percussion cap. The major problem with this gun was overheating, which made the breech jam due to heat expansion. In 1848 Morgan James of Utica, N.Y. invented the long-tube telescopic sight that would be used by Civil War marksmen just 13 years later. Priced at about $20, these telescopes were no more than four power. But in the hands of a skilled soldier with a sharp wit and keen eye, these devices offered sufficient magnification for aiming a rifle with deadly, long-distance accuracy Caring for the Men The History of Civil War Medicine Fig. 459. The "TRIPLER" Ambulance Wagon Fig. 453. The "MOSES" Ambulance Wagon Rear View Rear View Civil War Nurses "The Angels of the Battlefield" Approximately two thousand women, North and South, served as volunteer nurses in military hospitals during the American Civil War. Seeking convention and direct involvement in the national struggle rather than the domestic support roles to which social minimum career opportunity had traditionally confined the majority of their sex, they experienced at first hand the grim constants of war -amputated limbs, mutilated bodies, disease and death -- and provided invaluable aid to the sick and wounded soldiers and medical authorities on either side. Amputations "Saved By The Saw" The trademark of Civil War surgery, amputations accounted for 75 percent of all operations performed by Civil War doctors. More arms and legs were chopped off in this war than in any other fought by this country. Three out of every four wounded soldiers were hit in the extremities, and at that time, amputation was the only proper medical treatment for a compound fracture or severe laceration of a limb. Union Amputations Cases Deaths % Fatal Fingers 7,902 198 2.5 Forearms 1,761 245 13.9 Upper Arms 5,540 1,273 23.0 Toes 1,519 81 5.3 Shins 5,523 1,790 32.4 Thighs 6,369 3,411 53.6 Knee Joints 195 111 56.9 Hip Joints 66 55 83.3 Ankle Joints 161 119 73.9 TABLE XV. Summarizing the Records of the Hospital at Camp Sumter, Andersonville, Georgia. Cases admitted into hospital Died Percentage of fatal cases All diseases and injuries 17,875 12,541 70.2 Continued Fevers 283 241 85.8 Malarial Fevers 254 163 67.6 Diarrhea and Dysentery 7,352 5,605 80.3 Consumption 35 26 74.3 Rheumatism 202 83 48.2 Scurvy 5,662 3,614 68.4 Bronchitis 205 141 70.1 Pneumonia 553 322 65.8 Totals 33,421 22,736 70.2 Summary of Military Technology • • • • • • • • Ironclads “Ironsides” Artillery (Many different improved types) Ammunition Move away from musket towards repeating rifles Use of Cavalry Use of Signal Corps Hot Air Balloons Medical techniques