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Civil War And Reconstruction
•Fort Sumter
•Lincoln sent re supplies South may have
though the ships contained reinforcements
but it only was to resupply the Fort
•Confederates fired on the fort for 33 hours
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•Fort Sumter caught fire and was forced to
surrender
•April 12, 1861 the Civil War began
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•Anaconda Plan
•Starving the South in Submissions
Blockading the south, capturing the capital
city Richmond, sizing control of the
Mississippi river and to divide the
Confederacy. Lincoln’s main goal was to
preserve the union
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•1st Battle of Bull Run Or Battle of Manassas
•General McDowell sent 30,000 troops to
Manassas Junction
•Union Troops were on the verge of Victory
when Thomas Stonewall Jackson arrived
with reinforcements nicknamed
•“Stonewall”
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•Spectators actually watched the battle
•Never again
•Confederate victory lulled the South into
thinking this would be a short war
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Deaths
Injuries
North
460
1124
South
387
1582
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•Lincoln replaced McDowell with George
McClellan who drilled his troops but was
reluctant to fight
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•Trent Affair
•2 confederate officials were seized by U S
Navy
•England demanded their release or
threatened war
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•Lincoln gave in returned officials
•“One war at a time”
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•Ulysses S. Grant in west
•Battle of Shilo
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•On the morning of April 6, 1862, 40,000
Confederate soldiers under the command of
Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston poured out of
the nearby woods and struck a line of Union
soldiers occupying ground near Pittsburg
Landing on the Tennessee River.
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•The overpowering Confederate offensive
drove the unprepared Federal forces from
their camps and threatened to overwhelm
Ulysses S. Grant’s entire command.
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•Some Federals made determined stands
and by afternoon, they had established a
battle line at the sunken road, known as the
“Hornet's Nest.”
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•Repeated Rebel attacks failed to carry the
Hornet's Nest, but massed artillery helped
to turn the tide as Confederates surrounded
the Union troops and captured, killed, or
wounded most.
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•During the first day’s attacks, Gen. Johnston
was mortally wounded and was replaced by
P.G.T. Beauregard.
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•Fighting continued until after dark, but the
Federals held. By the next morning, the
reinforced Federal army numbered about
40,000, outnumbering Beauregard’s army of
less than 30,000.
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•Grant’s April 7th counteroffensive
overpowered the weakened Confederate
forces and Beauregard’s army retired from
the field.
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•The two day battle at Shiloh produced more
than 23,000 casualties and was the
bloodiest battle in American history at its
time.
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•http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/shiloh
/maps/battle-of-shiloh-animated.html
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•Fort Sumter
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•Anaconda Plan
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•First Battle of Manassas
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•General Stonewall Jackson
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•Trent Affair
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•New Orleans captured
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Admiral Farragut
Attacked the southern part of the Louisiana
because the South was expecting an attack
from the North
New Orleans was captured and the
Mississippi River was vital to the south
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•It was now in the hands of the Union
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•The Merrimac iron clad ship sank two
wooden ships of the Union
•Monitor Union iron clad ship and the
Merrimac met in the Chesapeake Bay and
fought to a draw
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•Naval Battles would be changed forever
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•Peninsula Campaign McClellan drove his
army to Richmond
•Lincoln disappointed with the slow moving
McClellan took temporary control of the
Army
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•Battle of Seven Pines
•McClellan finally moved towards Richmond
•Joseph Johnston attacked McLellan and
nearly defeated them
•Johnston was wounded and Lee took over
the battle
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•Heavy Losses for both sides
•Lee attacked the union forces
•McClellan retreated back to Washington
•Even thought the union had more troops Lee
stopped the attack on Richmond
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•Second Battle of Bull Run
•John Pope was appointed General of the
Northern forces
•Again the Confederates were outnumbered
and drove the union army back to
Washington
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•Pope was relieved of command and
replaced by McClellan
•Antietam 1862
•Again Lee mounted an attack on the union
Army at Antietam
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•Union forces outnumbered the Lee’s forces
•Union had Lee’s battle plan
•The union defeated the Confederates and
retreated back to Virginia
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•McClellan did not pursue the retreating
forces
•22,400 casualties on both sides in the battle
•12,400 union dead
•10,000 Confederate dead
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•Emancipation Proclamation
•January 1 1863 issued the proclamation
•Needed an union victory on the battlefield
•Antietam provided the victory for the
proclamation
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•Freed all the slaves in the states in rebellion
•Really only freed a few slaves
•No one really followed the proclamation
•It did not include border states
•Did not include states in the south under
union control
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•The war now became a two issue war
•1. to preserve the union
•2. the other cause to fight was to end
slavery
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•Ambrose Burnside was put in charge of the
Army of the Potomac again McClellan was
replaced for not following up on the union
victory at Antietam
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•Fredericksburg
•Army of the Potomac suffered a costly
defeat to Lee
•Lost 12,653 men North
•Confederate losses at 5,309
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•Burnside replaced by Joe Hooker
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•Chancellorsville
•Largest army ever assembled
•Was beaten by Lee’s smaller forces
•Lee divided his forces to attack the Union at
different locations
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•Also Hooker hesitated to attack and pulled
into a defensive position.
•These strikes by Lee and Hooker hesitancy
to attack caused a much smaller army of the
south to defeat the union troops and save
Richmond again
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•Northern losses at 17,000
•Southern losses at 13,000
•North had bigger numbers of troops than
the south and was able to absorb the losses
better than the south
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•General “Stonewall Jackson” was returning
from a reconnaissance mission when he
was mistaken by Confederate troops as a
Union officer
•He was shot by friendly fire
•His arm was amputated and he contracted
pneumonia and died
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•Give [Jackson] my affectionate regards, and
tell him to make haste and get well, and
come back to me as soon as he can. He has
lost his left arm, but I have lost my
right."Lee’s quote on the mortally wounded
Jackson
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•This would become the pinnacle of success
for Lee and the Confderates
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•Hooker was replaced by Lincoln by General
George Meade
•The fifth replacement of generals in one
year
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•Gettysburg
•Lee planned to invade the North
•Gettysburg was a vital turning point in the
Civil War
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•Tide turned on the Confederates
•The three day battle resulted in a
confederate defeat
•Union casualties were 23,000
•Confederate casualties were 28,000
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•TOTAL 53,000 IN THE THREE DAY BATTLE
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•Vicksburg
•July 4 day after Gettysburg
•Surrendered
•This followed a six week siege
•Grant was the union general
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•Confederacy was split in half
•The two burgs defeats
•After the defeat there was little chance for a
southern victory
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Chickamauga
One of the few Confederate victories after
Gettysburg and Vicksburg
Union army was trapped at Chattanooga
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•Chattanooga
•Grant reinforcements at Chattanooga
•Freed the siege and opened the lower to
south for an invasion
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•Grant was now appointed to command not
only the west but the entire union army
•William T. Sherman was appointed
commander of the West
•1864 a massive coordinated attack began
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•In Virginia 120,000 Union soldiers began an
advancement to Virginia
•Lee’s army amounted to 64,000
•The war became a war of attrition
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•The war will linger on for another year
•In the west Sherman with 100,000 men
advanced towards Atlanta
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•Cold Harbor
•Wilderness campaign tactical mistake cost
7,000 union lives in 20 minutes
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•General Grant was poised for a major
assault to General Lee’s right flank and cut
off the Confederates off from Richmond, but
when Maj.
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•General Hancock's Second Corps arrived
after a midnight march too fatigued to
support the Union left flank, the operation
was postponed until the following day.
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•This fatal delay gave Lee's troops time to
build an impressive line of trenches. At
dawn June 3, the Union Second, Sixth, and
Eighteenth Corps, followed later by the Fifth
and Ninth Corps, assaulted along the
Bethesda Church-Cold Harbor line and were
slaughtered at all points.
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•Grant pulled out of Cold Harbor after nine
days of trench warfare and continued to try
to flank Lee's army at Petersburg.
sustained."
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•Grant later expressed remorse for the
egregious Union casualties at Cold Harbor,
stating, "I have always regretted that the
last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made
[...] no advantage whatever was gained to
compensate for the heavy loss we endured
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•Marching from Cold Harbor, Meade’s Army
of the Potomac crossed the James River on
transports and a 2,200-foot long pontoon
bridge at Windmill Point.
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•Butler’s leading elements crossed the
Appomattox River and attacked the
Petersburg defenses on June 15. The 5,400
defenders of Petersburg under command of
Gen. Beauregard were driven from their first
line of entrenchments back to Harrison
Creek.
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•Butler’s leading elements crossed the
Appomattox River and attacked the
Petersburg defenses on June 15. The 5,400
defenders of Petersburg under command of
Gen. Beauregard were driven from their first
line of entrenchments back to Harrison
Creek. On June 16, the II Corps captured
another section of the Confederate line; on
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•On June 16, the II Corps captured another
section of the Confederate line; on the 17th,
the IX Corps gained more ground.
Beauregard stripped the Howlett Line
(Bermuda Hundred) to defend the city, and
Lee rushed reinforcements to Petersburg
from the Army of Northern Virginia
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•. The II, XI, and V Corps from right to left
attacked on June 18 but was repulsed with
heavy casualties. By now the Confederate
works were heavily manned and the
greatest opportunity to capture Petersburg
without a siege was lost
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•At Atlanta Johnson’s skillful defensive
tactics held off Sherman
•Davis frustrated with the tactics replaced
Johnston with John Hood who attacked
Sherman and was soundly defeated
•Atlanta now belonged to the North
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•Shenandoah
•Calvary troops decivisly defeated in
Virginia resulted in the area being
destroyed very similar to Georgia under
Sherman march to the sea
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•Election of 1864
•Lincoln defeated McClellan
•Carries all but three states
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•In the wake of his successful campaign to
capture Atlanta, Major General William T.
Sherman began making plans for a march
against Savannah.
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•Seeking to destroy the South's economic
and psychological will to resist, he intended
to conduct a campaign designed to
eliminate any resources that could be used
by Confederate forces
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•. Presenting his plan to Lieutenant General
Ulysses S. Grant, Sherman received approval
and began making preparations to depart
Atlanta on November 15, 1864. During the
march, Sherman's army would cut loose
from its supply lines and would live off the
land.
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•To ensure that adequate supplies were
gathered, Sherman issued strict orders
regarding foraging and the seizure of
material from the local population.
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•Known as "bummers," foragers from the
army became a common sight along its
route of march.
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•Dividing his forces in two, Sherman
advanced along two major routes with
Major General Oliver O. Howard's Army of
Tennessee on the right and Major General
Henry Slocum's Army of Georgia on the left.
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•To oppose Sherman's 62,000 men,
Lieutenant General William J. Hardee,
commanding the Department of South
Carolina, Georgia, and Florida had
approximately 13,000 troops.
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•Departing Atlanta by different routes, the
Howard and Slocum's columns attempted to
confuse Hardee as to their ultimate
objective.
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•Initially moving south, Howard's men
pushed Confederate troops out of Lovejoy's
Station before pressing on towards Macon.
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•To the north, Slocum's two corps moved
east then southeast towards the state
capital at Milledgeville.
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•Realizing that Savannah was Sherman's
target, Hardee began concentrating his men
to defend the city, while ordering Major
General Joseph Wheeler's cavalry to attack
the Union flanks and rear.
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•As Sherman's men pushed southeast, they
systematically destroyed all manufacturing
plants, agricultural infrastructure, and
railroads they encountered.
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•A common technique for wrecking the latter
was heating railroad rails over fires and
twisting them around trees
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•. Known as "Sherman's Neckties," they
became a common sight along the route of
march. The first significant action of the
march occurred at Griswoldville on
November 22, when Wheeler's cavalry and
Georgia militia attacked on Howard's front.
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•This assault was beaten off with heavy
casualties and the march resumed.
•During the remainder of November and in
early December, numerous minor battles
were fought, such as Buck Head Creek and
Waynesboro, as Sherman's men pushed
relentlessly on towards Savannah.
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•As they approached the city, additional
Union troops entered the fray as 5,500 men,
under Brigadier General John P. Hatch,
descended from Hilton Head, SC in an
attempt to cut the Charleston & Savannah
Railroad.
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•Encountering Confederate troops on
November 30, Hatch was forced to
withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of
Honey Hill.
•March to the Sea - A Christmas Present for
Pres. Lincoln:
•Arriving outside Savannah on December 10,
Sherman found that Hardee had flooded the
Civil War And Reconstruction
•Encountering Confederate troops on
November 30, Hatch was forced to
withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of
Honey Hill.
•March to the Sea - A Christmas Present for
Pres. Lincoln:
•Arriving outside Savannah on December 10,
Sherman found that Hardee had flooded the
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•On December 17, he contacted Hardee with
a warning that he would begin shelling the
city if it were not surrendered. Unwilling to
give in, Hardee escaped with his command
over the Savannah River on December 20
using an improvised pontoon bridge.
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•The following morning, the mayor of
Savannah formally surrendered the city to
Sherman.
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•Known as "Sherman's March to the Sea,"
the campaign through Georgia effectively
eliminated the region's economic usefulness
to the Confederate cause.
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•With the city secured, Sherman telegraphed
President Abraham Lincoln with the
message, "I beg to present you as a
Christmas gift the City of Savannah, with
one hundred and fifty guns and plenty of
ammunition, also about twenty-five
thousand bales of cotton
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•." The following spring, Sherman launched
his final campaign of the war north into the
Carolinas, before finally receiving the
surrender of General Joseph Johnston on
April 26, 1865.
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•Nashville With few troops left the
Confederates tried to cut Sherman's supply
lines
•The troops were living off the land
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•The outcome was the campaign failed
•And the Confederate army in Tennesse
•Was desimated
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•Petersburg and Richmond
•Last offensive was an attack on the centers
of Grants forces advanced and broke
through Lee’s lineas Lee evacuated
Petersburg
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•The confederate capital was evacuated and
fell into Northern hands
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•Appomattox
•Lee surrendered to Grant
•Grant was a gracious winner
•Showed his respect for Lee
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•All of Lee’s men were pardoned and were
allowed to keep their weapons and horses
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•On April 14th 1865
•While attending a play at the Fords Theater
•John Wilkes Booth snuck in to the theater
•He was a well known actor and caused no
suspicion being at the theater
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•Snuck past the guard who was outside the
theater
•Assassinated President Lincoln he died the
next day
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•Booth was kicked while attempting to
escape two weeks later.
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