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Transcript
Road to CIVIL WAR 1850 - 1860 Settling Differences Essential Q’s… Why did the Mexican Cession divide the North and South? How did Northerners and Southerners try to settle their differences? Who Am I ? Daniel Webster… “I wish to speak today, not as a Massachusetts man, nor as a Northern man, but as an American… I speak for the preservation of the Union.” *March 7, 1850 U.S. Expansion means… LET’S fight amongst ourselves over the new land!!! - The issue of SLAVERY in new lands divides us… NORTH vs. SOUTH - The Missouri Compromise (1820) had kept things equal between N and S - What would come of the new lands acquired in the Mexican Cession? Wilmot Proviso -David Wilmot (anti-slavery Democrat) passes the Wilmot Proviso in the House of Representatives, outlawing slavery in all land acquired from Mexico - Senate defeats the bill (North and South representation was equal) Sectionalism - People are more loyal to their state or region than to the country as a whole. - How do Southerners feel? - There way of life is being threatened! -How do Northerners feel? - Abolitionists - slavery is morally wrong Lewis Cass - Lewis Cass of Michigan believes that the voters who live in a territory should decide whether the states that they form should be slave or free. - When the people rule, you have… - POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY ELECTION of 1848 - Democrats (strength in the South) nominate… - LEWIS CASS (Michigan) - Whigs (strength in the North) nominate… - Zachary Taylor (Mex. War hero) that owned a plantation in Louisiana with more than 100 slaves (Fillmore, a NY moderate, is his running mate) ELECTION of 1848 - Free-Soil party - Why does it form? - Some Northerners will not back a slaveholder! - “Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men!” - Former President, Martin Van Buren, is their man ELECTION of 1848 - Taylor is the winner!!! - Free Soil party receives an impressive number of votes… - Slave issue matters to the people! - Political parties need to listen to the people! California - By end of 1849, 95,000 people have “rushed” to California - Convention in fall of 1849 involves adoption of constitution prohibiting slavery - Free states already had majority in the House, and now they would have it in the Senate. - Southern leaders threaten to secede Who Am I ? John C. Calhoun - Argues that continued anti-slavery legislation by the North would lead to eventual rule by African Americans - He warns Americans about a race war - Many slaveholding Southerners disagree with Calhoun, but some do agree Who Am I ? Compromise of 1850 - Henry Clay is the man!!! - He’s the “Great Compromiser” - Worked out Missouri Comp. of 1820 Compromise of 1850 - Calhoun rejects any compromise as unfair to the South and believes that the North has already been too hostile - Webster gives a speech in favor of the compromise - Clay’s rival supports his attempt to preserve the Union - Stephen A. Douglas (Illinois) creates five bills out of Clay’s work (pass in Sept. of 1850) *Taylor may not have approved, but he had died in July… Fillmore signs the bills Compromise of 1850 - Webster says, “I can now sleep… the Union stands firm.” - MANY SOUTHERNERS STILL WANT SECESSION!!!!! Moving Closer to Conflict Essential Q’s… How do Northerners react to the Fugitive Slave Act? Why does the Kansas-Nebraska Act cause bloodshed? How does Dred Scott affect slavery in the territories? Fugitive Slave Act Northerner’s reaction… ANGER Fugitive Slave Act Aid fugitive slaves and get… –Fines of $1,000 and six months in jail Fugitive Slave Act Slave Hunters… - offer rewards - catch free African Americans - free or runaway Africans Americans cannot testify for own defense Abolition Harriet Tubman - former slave and conductor in the UGRR Abolition Frederick Douglas - runaway slave and abolitionist speaker Abolition Sojourner Truth - Former slave, stood up for rights of all Abolition William Lloyd Garrison - publisher of abolitionist ideas Abolition Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) Kansas-Nebraska Act - Stephen A. Douglas proposes this… - Divide the Nebraska Territory into Nebraska and Kansas - each would have popular sovereignty - President Pierce (Democrat elected in 1852) supports this and helps it get passed - Southerners envision slaveholders moving in from Missouri Kansas-Nebraska Act - Northerners are NOT happy… - It cancels the Missouri Compromise - It opens the possibility of more slave states AND… THE RACE IS ON!!! Move. Move. Move. Kansas-Nebraska Act - Violence in Kansas.. - Lawrence is a “free-soil” stronghold - Border Ruffians move in from Missouri - vote illegally for pro-slavery - What were the “black laws”? - Ruffians and Pro-Slavery advocates loot, burn and kill in Lawrence - John Brown comes for revenge and kills 5 pro-slavery settlers - 200 die in Bleeding Kansas Kansas-Nebraska Act Violence in the Senate - Charles Sumner denounces Andrew Butler and supporters of the violence in Kansas - Preston Brooks takes revenge and beats him with a cane!!! Violence in the Senate Dred Scott -1857 - Supreme Court (Roger B. Taney) says that Dred Scott cannot sue, b/c he’s not a citizen -ALSO… Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional (banning slavery in territories would require an amendment) A New Political Party - Republican Party (new again) - statelevel Republicans, abolitionists, FreeSoilers, anti-Nebraska Whigs and Democrats - John C. Fremont - Democratic Party (southerners) - James Buchanan (PA) - Popular Sovereignty - Know-Nothing - Millard Fillmore Lincoln - Douglas 1858 - Illinois Senate Race - DEBATES - It’s all about SLAVERY - Popular Sovereignty vs. Morals - Lincoln’s House Divided speech - Debate about Dred Scott - Lincoln loses the race, but he gains much recognition and respect John Brown Attacks at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (1859) - Occupied an armory - Seized a nearby rifle factory - Wanted to start a slave revolt - Brown refused to flee when he could have escaped - Robert E. Lee was sent to capture Brown - 10 of his men (2 of his sons) were killed * Many mixed feelings about Brown John Brown Election of 1860 - Democratic Party split between Douglas and Breckinridge (Kentucky) - Douglas - Popular Sovereignty - Breckinridge - Dred Scott - Republican… LINCOLN * Lincoln wins and the South is MAD!! Preface I • “Peculiar institution.” • Jackson – “I would rather die in the last ditch than see the Union disunited.” • Calhoun – “The Union – next to our liberty, most dear.” Preface II • “We began by declaring that all men are created equal; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration, that for some men to enslave others is a ‘sacred right of government.’ These principles cannot stand together.” - LINCOLN Chapter 1 •620,000 Americans died in the Civil War •What were they fighting over? NORTH • • • • • • ADVANTAGES: More PEOPLE More SUPPLIES More RAILROAD More MONEY Strong NAVY • DISADVANTAGES: • Divided public opinion • Troops away from home • Inept, indecisive commanders (at first) South • ADVANTAGES: • Defending HOMES, FAMILIES, LAND, WAY OF LIFE (liberty) • Skilled, effective commanders • United and Motivated • Familiar land • DISADVANTAGES: • Ag. Economy (lacked supplies for war) • No army at first, and no navy • No National Government at first • (see North Advantages) Northern STRATEGIES • Winfield Scott’s ANACONDA PLAN –CAPTURE RICHMOND –CONTROL THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER –BLOCKADE SOUTHERN PORTS Southern STRATEGIES • DEFENSE!!! • Offense on Small Scale • Capture DC • Get HELP from Europe • Win in the North (Gettysburg)