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Crittenden Plan:
A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity
John J. Crittenden proposed a
compromise plan involving six
constitutional amendments and
four resolutions.
The heart of the compromise
was an amendment prohibiting
slavery in all territory of the
United States "now held, or
hereafter acquired," north of
latitude 36 degrees.
Senator John J. Crittenden
(Know-Nothing-KY)
Jefferson Davis
• Jefferson Finis Davis
served as President of the
Confederate States of
America for its entire history.
• After Davis was captured
May 10, 1865, he was
charged with treason, though
not tried, and stripped of his
eligibility to run for public
office.
War Erupts
• The first shots were fired at Fort Sumter in
South Carolina.
• On April 12, 1861 the guns began to fire
upon the fort.
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
Draft Laws
•
•
•
•
Conscription: forced enrollment in the military.
The South- all able bodied men age 18-45.
Planters who owned 20 or more slaves were exempt.
Wealthy men could hire substitutes for $6,000.
• The Union offered $300 bounties to those who voluntarily
joined.
• Draft numbers were low in the North but it was very
unpopular.
The Trouble with Generals
The South
• General Robert E. Lee- Top
Graduate from West Point.
• Offered appointment to
command the Union Army.
• His loyalty to Virginia was
greater than his loyalty to the
military.
• He was the greatest asset to
the South.
Northern Generals
• General McClellan: In 1862, General McClellan
successfully stopped Lee’s army from invasion but
failed to finish him off when he had the chance.
Lincoln was frustrated with him and had him
replaced.
• General Burnside: Burnside also proved to be a
disappointment after he attacked Confederate
Troops who were known to have dug in with
trenches. The result of the attack was 12,000
Union casualties.
• General Hooker: Hooker is best remembered for
his horrible defeat at Chancellorsville. He and
Lincoln disagreed how best to finish off Lee’s
Army while protecting Washington D.C. Before he
could be fired he resigned.
More Generals…
• General Meade: After their severe
losses at Gettysburg, Lee’s Army once
again retreated back to Virginia. Lincoln
felt that this was a lost opportunity to
finish off Lee and end the war. He
replaced Meade with Grant. Meade
stayed on as a subordinate to Grant.
• General Grant: After relentless
pressure in April of 1865, Grant’s Army
forced Lee into retreat. Grant offered
generous terms to Lee for surrender that
would preserve the dignity of the South
and help start the healing process.
Life on the Battlefield
• Only officers had
tents
• Carried all their
belongings on their
backs
• Very boring when
not actually fighting
• Played games
• Wrote letters
Life on the Homefront
• Women had to run
farms and
businesses
• Worried about
soldiers
• Wrote letters
• Worked as nurses
• Often lost everything
CHOOSING SIDES
• Both sides knew that the more important tactic was to get
the side of the border states.
• The border states included Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky,
and Missouri.
• Keeping Maryland in the Union was most important
because of its proximity to Washington D.C.
• Kentucky was important to both sides because of its rivers.
• In the end, 24 states will remain in the Union and 11 states
will secede.
War Strategies
THE NORTH
THE SOUTH
The North wanted to bring
Southern states back into the
Union.
The Confederacy wanted to defend
its position and remain
independent.
They developed the Anaconda
Plan which was to cripple the
South’s economy like a giant
snake.
In order to remain independent
they would have to depend on
trade with Europe.
The tactics of this plan were to use
blockades to stop trade.
The year before the war began
there was a surplus of cotton so
the Europeans did not need to
get involved.
The Road to Emancipation
• Issued after the start of the war due to pressure by
Frederick Douglass to allow African Americans to fight in
the war.
• Lincoln had to be careful to not anger the border states.
• Some of the border states were slave states and could
still leave the Union and join the Confederacy.
• In September 1862, Lincoln announced a plan to free the
slaves in the Confederate states. Lincoln eventually
knew he would have to take a stronger stand on the
issue.
Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln’s plan was for gradual emancipation. He
understood the political dangers of the issue of slavery.
• Lincoln at first shied away from total abolition and
suggested that southerners gradually free their
bondspersons.
Confiscation Acts: radical Republicans demanded
immediate emancipation. One of their first attempts to
achieve was a law that allowed the confiscation of slaves
as contraband.
The Emancipation Proclamation
• In addition to freeing the
slaves in the seceded
states, the Emancipation
Proclamation declared that
any African American man
who was willing to fight
would be allowed into the
Armed Services.
Frederick Douglass
• Frederick Douglass had
argued for the recruitment of
black soldiers since the start
of the war.
• Before the Emancipation
Proclamation the U.S.
Government discouraged
African Americans from
enrollment.
The Regiments
• African Americans were organized into all black
regiments led by white officers.
• In most cases they were given worst jobs to do and were
paid less money.
• More than one regiment insisted on fighting without pay
rather than accepting less pay than whites.
Robert Gould Shaw
• The 54th Massachusetts
was organized in March
of 1863 and headed by
Robert Gould Shaw.
• Shaw was the son of
prominent Boston
abolitionists.
The 54th
• As one of the first all black
regiments organized in the
North, the 54th was the object
of great interest and curiosity.
• The regiment was composed
primarily of free blacks from
throughout the North,
particularly Massachusetts and
Pennsylvania.
Charles and Lewis Douglass
• Among the recruits were
the two sons of
abolitionist, Frederick
Douglass.
• Lewis served with the
54th Massachusetts
during the ill-fated
assault on Battery
Wagner, in the harbor of
Charleston, South
Carolina, on July 18,
1863. He was wounded
but soon recovered.
Alexander H. Johnson
• Alexander H. Johnson
enlisted at the age of 16
as a drummer boy of the
54th Massachusetts. He
was the first black
musician to enlist during
the Civil War
54th Massachusetts Memorial
The Battles
ANTIETAM
• After a wave of victories Lee decided to invade the Union.
• He hoped that taking the North would convince Lincoln to
talk peace.
• The Confederates planned to plunder Northern farms for
supplies.
Antietam
• Lee lost 1/3 of his fighting force
and retreated into Virginia.
• McClellan did not pursue Lee and
his crippled army which angered
Lincoln.
• The Battle of Antietam is the
bloodiest day in American history.
• 25,000 were dead or wounded in
one day.
Battle of Gettysburg
• The battle of Gettysburg, PA took place
on July1-3, 1863.
• The Confederate troops were looking for
supplies.
• In late June 1863, Lee crossed into
southern Pennsylvania after learning of a
supply of shoes in the town of Gettysburg.
• On July 1, 1863 they ran into Union troops
and both sides called in reinforcements.
• The Battle of Gettysburg was the battle with
the largest number of casualties in the American
Civil War and is often described as the war's
turning point.
• The fighting raged for 3 bloody days.
• 90,000 Union troops fought against 75,000
Confederate troops.
• 28, 063 Confederate Casualties
• 23,049 Union Casualties.
The Sniper’s Nest
Gettysburg Address
• On November
19,1863. President
Lincoln gave
Gettysburg Address.
Prison Camps
• The prison camps in the North
and the South had terrible
conditions.
• The camp with the worst
reputation was Andersonville in
the South.
• It was built to house 10,000
prisoners but at some points had
33,000.
• 100 men died per day from
disease.
Andersonville
Cemetery
End of the War
• At the end of the war Lee’s troops were forced to flee West.
Grant followed in pursuit.
• Eventually Lee sent a letter to Grant telling him he was ready
to surrender.
• On April 9, 1865, Lee and Grant met to arrange the surrender.
• The surrender took place at Appomattox Courthouse, a small
village in Virginia.
Strange But True
• Wilmer McClean owned the property at Bull Run where the first land
battle of the Civil War broke out.
• He decided to move to a more peaceful location in the small town of
Appomattox Court House.
• Lee sent one of his man to stop the first person they ran into to ask for
a location for the peace agreement to be signed. That man was
Wilmer McClean.
• The war began and ended on Wilmer’s property.
LINCOLN
The Conspiracy
• During the end of the war a group of
conspirators led by John Wilkes Booth
plotted to kidnap Lincoln.
• The group planned to kidnap the president
and exchange him for Confederate
prisoners of war.
• After several unsuccessful attempts, Booth
revised his plans.
Lincoln’s Speech
• Shortly after the surrender of Lee,
the President gave a speech
which would end up to be his last.
• Lincoln spoke of giving the newly
freed African Americans voting
rights based on their education
and if they served in the army.
• Booth and the other conspirators
were in the audience.
John Wilkes Booth
• Booth was a well known
actor and Southern
supporter.
• Booth became enraged
during the speech and
vowed to do away with
Lincoln.
The Plan
• Booth hatched a plan that one of the
conspirators would kill General Grant.
• Another conspirator was assigned to
kill Vice President Andrew Johnson.
• Booth planned that he would kill the
President.
• The attacks were to take place
simultaneously at 10:15 p.m.
Ford’s Theater
Ford’s Theater was built in 1863 after the original theater
burned down. John Wilkes Booth had a drink at the tavern
to the right of the theater right before shooting the
President. Ironically, Lincoln’s bodyguard, coachman, and
valet were also having a drink at that time and during the
assassination.
Our American Cousin
• On April 14,
1865, President
Lincoln and
Mrs. Lincoln
went to see
“Our American
Cousin” at the
theater.
Timing
• Booth knew the exact timing of the play “Our American
Cousin”.
• The shooting was planned to take place at a time in the play
where there would be laughter and applause.
• Booth was able to slip into Lincoln’s unguarded box
unnoticed.
The Attack
• Booth shot the President in the back of the
head with a single shot from derringer.
The derringer was found on the floor of the
State Box at the theater.
The Escape
• After Lincoln was shot, Major Henry Rathbone attempted
to stop Booth from escaping.
• Booth stabbed Rathbone in the arm. Rathbone
contintued to try to stop Booth and he was stabbed
again.
• Booth leaped from the box catching his spur of his boot
on one of the flags that adorned the front.
The Contents of Lincoln’s Pockets
The Peterson House
• Lincoln was carried
up the steps into the
Peterson House
where he later died.
• This is the room where President Lincoln died on April
15, 1865 at 7:22am. He was shot while attending a play
at the Ford's Theatre and then taken to the Peterson
House which was across the street. The original bed
where Lincoln died is in Chicago Historical Society
Booth Escapes
• The rewards for the
capture of the assassins
spurred thousands of
soldiers and detectives to
search. 26 people
descended on the barn that
Booth was hiding in and it
took several years to
decide who should receive
the reward.
Lincoln Memorial
Lincoln/Kennedy Coincidences
TRUE OR FALSE?
Elected Office
• Lincoln was elected to
Congress in 1846.
• Kennedy was elected
Congress in 1946.
• Lincoln was elected as
President in 1860.
• Kennedy was elected
as President in 1960.
Name Length
• Both Lincoln and Kennedy have 7
letters.
• Both Andrew Johnson and
Lyndon Johnson have 13 letters.
• Both assassins names are 15
letters in length.
John Wilkes Booth
Lee Harvey Oswald
The Vice President
• Lincoln’s vice president
was Andrew Johnson.
Born 1808.
• Kennedy’s vice president
was Lyndon Johnson.
Born 1908.
The Assassins
• Both are know by three
names.
• John Wilkes Booth born
1839.
• Lee Harvey Oswald born
1939.
• Both were Southerners.
• Both were killed before they
could go to trial.
The Assassination
• Both presidents
were shot on a
Friday.
• Both were warned
not to go to the
theater/Dallas.
• Both were shot in
the head.
• Both were with their
wives at the time of
the assassination.
Other items of interest
• Booth shot Lincoln in a theater and fled to a
warehouse.
• Oswald shot Kennedy from a warehouse and
fled to a movie theater.
• Lincoln was shot in Ford’s Theater and Kennedy
was shot while riding in a Lincoln Ford
Limousine.
Strange But Not True
• Lincoln’s secretary was named
Kennedy.
• Kennedy’s secretary was named
Lincoln.
Kennedy did have a secretary with the last
name Lincoln and she did warn him not
to go to Dallas. There is no evidence
that Lincoln had a secretary named
Kennedy.