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The Civil War Battle Technique • Both sides would line up facing each other and shoot • Had to be in close proximity in order to do any damage • Often would use muskets when close enough • The battle was all over who in the end would control the battlefield Weapons of the Civil War • Battle of Shiloh – In late March, Grant headed towards Corinth MI, an important railroad center – Conf General Johnston gathered troops to meet Union advance – Grant held back march in order to wait for more troops – Johnston decided to attack-Caught Grant’s troops at Shiloh Church – Battle line was six miles long – Grant refused to give up and waited for reinforcements – IN the AM, began to attack with reinforcements and won – 13,000 Northern Losses, 11,000 Southern Losses-Huge Southern Loss – Largest single battle at the time and took away illusion that war would be quick War in the East • The Monitor and The Merrimack – Southern secret weapon • The Merrimack an iron ship which was no match for the wooden Union ship • The Union quickly build their own ship called The Monitor • The two ships met on March 9, and eventually withdrew • The Southerners eventually sank its own ship before it fell into Northern hands Drawing of the Monitor TheMerrimack Under The Ocean The Merrimack Southern Attacks • After the last attack, The South decide to take advantage of the North’s depleted Troops • Pretended to prepare for an attack on Washington, Lincoln pulled the Northern troops back to defend, and the South planned their attack • Second Battle of Bull Run – General Lee divided his army, he sent one to follow Union troops led by Pope. Met up at the same place as 1st Bull Run. Same result as 1st with the Union loosing a hard fought battle • Battle of Antietam – Video-Ten Days that Changed America Emancipation and the War • Lincoln felt it wasn’t his job to decide the issue of slavery, soon realized the importance of freeing the slaves • In Fall of 1862 , Lee was retreating for Antietam, Lincoln proclaimed that on Jan 1, 1863 all slaves in the South would be free – Known as the Emancipation Proclamation • South refused to enforce, some in North said too much, others said not enough. Most impact was in Europe African Americans in the War • General Butler came up • African American Soldiers with the idea of Contraband – Originally not allowed to – Common practice of keeping other sides property and then could do with what they liked – Often used slaves for non combat jobs like building fortifications, and driving wagons – – – – fight but after big losses in Virginia allowed Many joined to fight, even more after EP Composed 10% of Union army On ships served along side, but in army own group (Paid less until June of 1864 Massachusetts 54th regiment Army Life – The biggest killer on both sides was diseases and infection – By the end of the war 140,000 Union soldiers had been killed in action or died of wounds while 220,000 others died of disease or other causes – Also there were no antiseptics or Anesthetics • Term Biting the bullet Women and the War • Women organized Aid societies – Raised funds for the war, produced bandages, and clothing for soldiers – Clara Barton began an Aid society known as the Red Cross • Some women accompanied their husbands into war to care for them • There were also 600 Union Soldiers who were women who disguised themselves as men until disease or death revealed their disguise • Civil War first War to have women nurses – Most famous Florence Nightingale – Over 3000 women served as nurses for the Union arm – Confederate did not approve of women nurses at the time Confederate Uniforms Union Uniforms Victories for General Lee • After McClellan delayed in following the Confed after Antietam Lincoln removed him from his post and replaced him with General Burnside • This was not a great military move • Battle of Fredricksburg • Battle of Chancellorsville Road to Gettysburg • After Chancellorsville a very dark mood in Washington – Some legislatures were considering compromise with the South • Lee decided again to move Northwas in desperate need of supplies especially shoes • Northern troops were headed to stand between South and Washington • Southern troops in search of shoes met up with Union soldiers and fighting ensues Battle of Gettysburg • Battle of Gettysburg – Turning point of the war (Greatest battle in the North) – Day One (July 1, 1863) • Originally Union was outnumbered then Reinforcements came with General Meade (New Union General) • Union pushed the South Back – Day Two (July 2, 1863) • New Confederate General Longstreet did not get ready to attack the Union until late evening. This allowed the Union to prepare and get reinforcements • Day Three (July 3, 1863) – Day began with Conf assault-Union thought was to cover retreat, was actually the advance Lee had wanted – After two hours Union stopped returning fire, Confederates thought Union was out of ammo planned Pickett’s charge – Union was waiting for them to get into place then opened fire, slaughtering Pickett’s troops – Conf lost so many man, had no troops to regroup – Huge losses on both sides • North-85,000 troops-23,000 dead • South-75,000 troops-28,000 dead – July 4th Confederates made their retreat Battle of Vicksburg • Battle of Vicksburg – Grant’s forces laid a siege on Vicksburg for 6 weeks and won • Siege: A tactic in which an enemy is surrounded and starved in order to make them surrender • On July 4, 1863 Confederates laid down their arms and negotiated surrender – Led to Union controlling the Mississippi Gettysburg Address • Nov 19, 1863 to honor those who had died four months prior • Very short (2min) but outlined the principles of the Union – Freedom, equality, and self government Grant takes Command • In April of 1865 the Conf had all but abandoned Richmond, the South was suffering • In Early 1864 Conf were still hopping to keep Richmond. Hoped Lincoln would not be elected-Union needed some big wing • Lincoln places Ulysses S. Grant to head the Union • Goal of Grant was confront and crush South – Huge victories for Grant were at • Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor • Siege of Petersburg • Shenandoah Valley Sherman in Georgia • Capture of Atlanta – Huge battle for the city – Confed replaced a general and gave Sherman an opportunity to take the city – For the Month of August Sherman bombarded the city and laid it to waste • Sherman’s March to the Sea – Sherman said “War is Cruelty and he meant this – Decided to move from Atlanta to the Sea he burnt everything in his path down – This helped led to Lincoln’s reelection Non War Events • Election of 1864 – Lincoln struggled to even get the nomination of his party – McClellan who he had fired was in opposition to him – Once Sherman captured Atlanta he easily won the election • Birth of Freedom – After Lincoln’s election the 13th amendment was passed • Formally ended Slavery in US End of the War Appomattox Court House General Lee End of the War • By April of 1865 daily desertions had shrunk the Confederate army to less than 35,000 total • Grant was chasing Lee-Every attempt Lee made to move south was cut off by Grant • Lee realized that this was the end and that even the hope of Guerilla fighting was not an option. He went to see Grant about Surrender – Grant was very generous in the terms of the surrender and the resulting celebrations • The Civil War begins to end at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865 • Over the next few weeks more Confederate Army’s give up including General Johnston Surrendering to General Sherman in NC • Lincoln does not live to see the official end of the Civil war because he is shot at Ford’s Theatre on April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth – Booth Shoots Lincoln, escapes, it tracked to a nearby barn, and then is either shot or kills himself in the chaos – Lincoln is carried to a home next door where he clings to live until the wee hours of April 15th Lincoln