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THE CIVIL WAR Path to The Civil War ► http://www.history.com/videos/us-inches- closer-to-war#us-inches-closer-to-war ► Lincoln elected – has to decide what to do with Forts in the South ► Lincoln resupplies Ft. Sumter – south doesn’t want it to happen ► North cannot hold the fort ► Lincoln calls for volunteers After Fort Sumter ► Americans begin choosing sides ► For Sumter was a Federal outpost in Charleston, South Carolina. ► Confederate ► Lincoln forces asked for its surrender. refused and sent ships with supplies. ► Confederate 12, 1861. cannons began firing on April ► Fort Sumter fell 34 hours later. ► The Civil War began. – This started the War. Reaction of Lincoln’s Call Lincoln declared the South was in rebellion and asked state governors for 75,000 militiamen; Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and states north of them rallied. Slave states of the Upper South—North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Arkansas—seceded. Border states—Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri— were slave states that did not join the Confederacy, but people were divided on the war. Western Virginia supported the Union and set up its own state government as West Virginia in 1863. Introduction ► 1861 representatives from 6 of the 7 Southern States met to form the Confederate States of America ► Confederacy = South ► North views this as a traitorous act of rebellion against the US ► No one could be neutral in this war Intro Cont. ► Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina (border slave states) join Confederacy ► Western Virginia (how we got W.Virginia) and Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware and Missouri remain in the Union ► This war would divide friends, states and even families Preparing for War ► Jefferson Davis- President of the South ► Lincoln (North) calls for 75,000 volunteers to come forward to preserve the Union ► Both sides were confident that their side would win Strengths and Weaknesses of the North Strengths ► 22 million population ► Richer, more technology – manufacturing and banks in the north ► Had more small farms to provide food ► Had iron, coal, gold copper ► Controlled the seas as well Weaknesses ► Military Leadership ► Start of war 1/3 of nation’s military leaders resigned and returned to their homes in the South Strengths and Weaknesses of the South Strengths ► South was bigger in land size ► North would need larger navy to seal off southern coastal lines ► Could win simply by defending its territory ► Military leadership – Robert E. Lee Weaknesses ► If Union controlled Mississippi the South would be split in 2 ► Economy could not support long war ► Had few factories to produce supplies ► No railroads to haul goods ► Not a lot of money Lincoln Vs Davis Lincoln ► North’s greatest strength ► Born in KY in 1809 ► Poor, did not have much schooling ► Loved to read; had many jobs ► Lawyer ► Patient, thoughtful, tolerant ► Good sense of humor Davis ► Born in KY like Lincoln ► Attended West Point ► Fought in Mexican War ► Firm believer in State’s Rights; left Senate when south seceded ► Did not enjoy politics, did it out of sense of duty JEFFERSON DAVIS North’s Strategy ► Surround the South by land and sea to cut off its trade ► Divide Confederacy into sections so that one rebel region could not help another ► Capture Richmond, Virginia (capital of Confederacy) and destroy the rebel government ► “Anaconda Plan” Rose Greenhow ► Most northerners thought that simply capturing Richmond would win the war ► Rose Greenhow watched these northerners closely and used her friendship with government officials to learn of the Union’s plans ► She then tried to sneak these plans to the Confederacy ROSE GREENHOW Women in the Civil War ► http://www.history.com/shows/classroom/vi deos/women-during-the-civil-war#womenduring-the-civil-war Bull Run ► July 1861 troops march from Washington to Richmond ► South knew North was coming and stopped them at Manassas – small town on way to Richmond ► At first a Union win looked certain but the South did not waiver ► Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson was in charge ► South ended up smashing the North Bull Run ► http://www.history.com/videos/first-battle-of- bull-run#first-battle-of-bull-run ► 1st major land battle ► 25 miles from DC ► Union troops are raw – may not be ready ► Terrible Union defeat ► People thought this would end quickly ► This battle proves it will not Main Idea 1: Union and Confederate forces fought for control of the war in Virginia. • First major battle of Civil War in Virginia, in July 1861 – Union army of 35,000 under General Irvin McDowell – Confederate army of 22,000 under General Pierre G. T. Beauregard • Clashed at Bull Run Creek near Manassas – Additional 10,000 Confederates arrived – Confederate troops under General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson held against Union advance • Confederates counterattacked – Union troops retreated • Confederates won First Battle of Bull Run, also known as the first Battle of Manassas More Battles in Virginia General George B. McClellan was placed in charge of 100,000 soldiers, called the Army of the Potomac. McClellan launched an effort to capture Richmond called the Peninsular Campaign. Stonewall Jackson launched an attack towards Washington, preventing Union reinforcements. Confederate army in Virginia was under the command of General Robert E. Lee. Lee attacked Union forces in series of clashes called Seven Days’ Battles and forced Union army to retreat in June 1862. Lincoln ordered General John Pope to march to Richmond. Jackson’s troops stopped Pope’s army before it met up with the other Union army. The Second Battle of Bull Run, or Second Battle of Manassas, was fought in August 1862; Confederates again forced a Union retreat. Robert E. Lee • Born into wealthy Virginia family in 1807 • Graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point • Fought in Mexican-American War • Lincoln asked Lee to lead Union army at start of Civil War. • Lee declined and resigned from the Union Army to become a Confederate general. Robert E. Lee ► http://www.history.com/videos/robert-e- lee#robert-e-lee Women Support The War ► Men went off to war, women would take their places at home ► Went to work on farms and factories or found jobs as nurses, teachers, and gov. workers ► Helped military by being messengers, guides, scouts, smugglers, soldiers and spies ► Dorthea Dix – trained nurses ► Greenhow – seen as hero in the South ► Clara Barton – founded the Red Cross, cared for soldiers on the battlefield Now Complete Page 154 section 3 in your ISN Engineers of the 8th N.Y. State Militia, 1861. Union Blockade ► 1861 Union launched blockade of southern ports – by end of year most southern ports were closed to foreign ships ► As blockade continued, south asked Britain for support but the British refused. ► South could not sell cotton to Europe nor could it import supplies ► North goal in the west was to control the Mississippi Dividing the Confederacy ► 1862 Union tries to control Mississippi ► David Farragut led 46 Union troops up the Mississippi and captured New Orleans ► City surrendered without firing a shot ► Grant lead troops from Illinois to Mississippi – he was able to gain most of Kentucky and Tennessee ► Would not accept anything than unconditional surrender Attacking Richmond ► George McClellan sent 100,000 men by ship to capture Richmond ► Confederate forces stopped the Union attack ► Richmond is saved again Antietam ► Lee (Confederate) sent his troops to Maryland (slave state that remained in the Union) ► Lee wanted to show the strength of Confederacy and try to win on Union soil to convince Europe to support the south ► 1862 met at Sharpsburg along Antietam Creek Antietam Cont. ► McClellan (north) pounded Lee (south) troops who were outnumbered ► Following day Lee pulled back to Virginia ► Union victory but could be a defeat for both sides ► 2,100 Union troops killed and 10,300 wounded ► 2,770 Confederate Troops killed and 11,000 wounded ► Single day of fighting more Americans lost their lives than the 1812 War and Mexican War combined ► Bloodiest Day of the War ANTIETAM BATTLEFIELD Antietam ► http://www.history.com/videos/the-battle- of-antietam#the-battle-of-antietam New Realities of War ► Improved weapons made killing at a distance easier ► Rifles had replaced muskets ► Cannons and artillery made it easier to “rain down death” on opponents ► Soldiers often refused medical care because how terrible hospitals were ► More soldiers died of diseases than wounds Civil War Technology ► http://www.history.com/videos/civil-war- tech#civil-war-tech Medical Care ► Not as advanced as weapons ► No understanding of cause of disease ► Operated in tents with basic instruments ► Most did not wash hand between patients ► Hospital death rate was so high, many soldiers refused medical care ► More soldiers died of diseases than wounds Emancipation Proclamation ► Initially Lincoln said “Purpose of War was to save Union not to either save or destroy slavery” ► Felt that freeing slaves would deprive the South from their workforce ► Jan 1, 1863 issued Emancipation Proclamation ► Freed slaves, initially had no impact though because South ignored it Proclamation and Reaction Emancipation Proclamation • Democratic Party opposed • Abolitionists said war was pointless without freedom for African Americans. • Some predicted it would anger voters. • On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves only in areas controlled by Confederacy, effective January 1, 1863. Reaction • African Americans gave thanks. • Abolitionists rejoiced. • Some noted that system of slavery still existed. • Encouraged many enslaved African Americans to escape when Union troops came near. • Loss of slaves crippled the South’s ability to wage war. Emancipation Proclamation ► http://www.history.com/videos/lincolns- legacy-of-emancipation#lincolns-legacy-ofemancipation The Draft ► Both sides began running out of volunteers to fill their armies ► 1862 Confederate passed Nation’s first draft law ► All white men 18-35 could be called for 3 years of military service ► North passed same law in 1863 drafting men 2045 ► Could avoid the army by paying a sub to take place ”rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight” Gettysburg ► 1863 Lee wanted to capture a Northern city to seek peace ► Met on July 1, 1863 west of Gettysburg, PA ► Union, 90,000 led by General Meade ► Union occupied Cemetery Ridge – 4 miles of high ground ► Mile to the west 75,000 Confederates gathered on Seminary Ridge Gettysburg, Cont. ► July 2, 1863 Confederate try to find weak spot in Union lines but couldn’t ► July 3, 1863 Lee ordered attack at center of Union lines ► Pickett leads charge up to Cemetery Ridge (farthest North the South gets) but are gunned down quickly ► Lee withdrew to Virginia Gettysburg, Cont. ► Loses are staggering: 17.500 Union are killed and 23,000 Confederate killed in 3 days ► Lee would not attack the Union again. ► Turning point of war – north knew they could win Battle of Gettysburg First Day • Lee’s forces were gathered at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on July 1, 1863. • Ran into Union forces under General George G. Meade, beginning the Battle of Gettysburg • Union took up defensive positions Second Day Third Day • Lee ordered attack on Union troops on Little Round Top. • Lee planned attack on center of Union line. • Both sides fought viciously for control. • Union forces held off Confederates. • General George Pickett led 15,000 men in Pickett’s Charge, a failed attack on Cemetery Ridge. • Lee began planning retreat to Virginia. Aftermath of Gettysburg Turning Point • Gettysburg was turning point of war—Lee would never again attack in the North. • Some 23,000 Union and 28,000 Confederate casualties • Victory came the day before the Union capture of Vicksburg. • Britain and France refused to aid South after Gettysburg. Gettysburg Address • Lincoln gave speech called Gettysburg Address at dedication of battlefield cemetery. • He praised bravery of Union soldiers and renewed commitment to winning the war. Gettysburg ► http://www.history.com/videos/the-battle-of- gettysburg#the-battle-of-gettysburg ► Pickett’s Charge: ► http://www.history.com/videos/last-charge-atgettysburg#last-charge-at-gettysburg Opposition on the Union Home Front ►A group of northern Democrats were more interested in restoring peace than in saving the Union or ending slavery ► Some opposed war because they were sympathetic to the Confederate cause ► Lincoln suspends right of habeas corpus (no longer have right to trial before jail) ► Northerners were becoming disloyal Draft Riots ► Some northerners resented being forced to end slavery ► Riot in NYC over the draft laws ► NYCers burned draft offices and battled police ► Went on for 4 days and ended when troops from Gettysburg were able to restore order Main Idea 4: Life was difficult for soldiers and civilians alike. • Civil War armies fought in ancient battlefield formations that produced massive casualties. – Endless rows of troops fired directly at one another. – Many men died to gain every inch of ground. • Doctors and nurses saved many lives. – They did not have medicines to stop infections. • The biggest killer in the war was disease, such as typhoid, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. • Military prisoners on both sides lived in misery. – They had little shelter, food, or clothing. – Starvation and disease killed thousands. Gettysburg Address ► Lincoln goes to help dedicate a new cemetery to those who died there ► Spoke of the bravery in the war ► He was not the keynote speaker and many could not hear his speech but it is forever remembered Gettysburg Address: http://www.history.com/videos/gilder-lehrman-gettysburg-address#gilderlehrman-gettysburg-address Vicksburg: A Besieged City ► War of many technological 1sts – railroads to move troops, telegraphs, photographs, armor plated steamships ► Merrimac and the Monitor: early in war the Union left the Merrimac in a naval yard in Virginia ► The Confederacy takes the Merrimac and restores it with iron plates covering the sides Merrimac and the Monitor ► The US Navy builds iron clad ship called the Monitor ► Flat deck with 2 heavy guns in a revolving turret ► Merrimac was renamed the Virginia and these two ships meet and exchange shots for hours ► Neither claim victory but neither is harmed ► Proves wooden ships cant compete with iron clad ships ► South is never able to add enough to their navy to break the Union Blockade Control of the Mississippi ► Union wants to divide the south by taking Control of the Mississippi ► The Union control both cities on either end of the Mississippi: New Orleans and Baton Rouge ► Confederates continued to control one key location – Vicksburg, Mississippi Vicksburg ► Located on a hairpin turn in the Mississippi ► Easy to defend and difficult to capture ► Needed an army to get up the hill to combat the Confederates ► Grant had an army they took to Vicksburg and the Union bombarded them from the sea ► Took over a month but soon the Confederacy surrenders Vicksburg Vicksburg • http://www.history.com/videos/theunion-siege-of-vicksburg#the-unionsiege-of-vicksburg Problems on Confederate Home Front ► Life becomes grim ► No new imports; what was available was very expensive ► Farmers couldn’t sell their cash crops so they planted food crops ► Soldiers were dressed in rags by the end ► People at home were starving Civil War Food ► http://www.history.com/videos/extreme- eating-civil-war-food#extreme-eating-civilwar-food Fort Wagner: African Americans Join the War ► 1862: Congress opens the door to black recruits ► About 186,000 African Americans enlisted in the Union Army ► Another 30,000 African Americans joined the Union navy Massachusetts ► Mass. th 54 Regiment was one of the 1st states to organize an all black regiment ► Most famous was 54th regiment lead by Robert Gould Shaw ► Men were paid less than white soldiers and when they learned this they refused to keep working and eventually Lincoln authorizes equal pay ► Fought at Ft Wagner in SC – faced fear of death or slavery if they were captured African Americans At War ► To reach the fort troops had to cross 200 yards of sandy beach ► Impossible mission, after losing half of their troops the men pulled back – their bravery was praised ► 166 regiments fought nearly 500 battles ► Soldiers received little training, poor equipment and less pay than white solders African Americans At War ► http://www.history.com/videos/gilder- lehrman-massachussetts-54th#gilderlehrman-massachussetts-54th Appomattox ► Lincoln finally found a leader to fight the Confederates. General Grant. ► Grant mapped out a plan for ending the war ► He would send a large force to capture Richmond ► Sherman would lead troops to Georgia to take Atlanta On To Richmond ► May 1864 Grant invades Virginia with force of 100,000 men ► Loses a lot of men at first but keeps fighting ► At one point he Grant lost more men than Lee had in his whole army ► Kept fighting until they got to Petersburg and there Grant was able to get more troops and Lee was not Total War ► Grant wanted to launch total war on the enemy’s ability to fight and their ability to support an army ► Ordered Philip Sheridan to wage total war in Virginia ► At the same time Sherman left Tennessee for Georgia and set all of Atlanta on fire. Reelection of Lincoln ► McClellan runs against Lincoln and promises an immediate end to the war if he is elected ► Lincoln did not think he would be re-elected ► Sheridan’s success in Shenandoah Valley and Sherman’s capture of Atlanta came just in time Sherman’s March Through Georgia ► Marched to destroy any last supply bases ► Fields were trampled and burned ► Houses broken into and destroyed ► 60 mile wide path was destroyed ► 1864 Captures Savannah, Georgia ► Marched through North Carolina by 1865 and destroyed everything in his path Appomattox ► April 1, 1865 Union forces break through Lee’s army at Petersburgh to Richmond ► Grant’s soldiers moved quickly to surround Lee’s army ► April 9- Lee arrived at Appomattox Courthouse to surrender to General Grant http://www.history.com/videos/surrender-at-appomattoxcourthouse#surrender-at-appomattox-courthouse Terms of Surrender ► Confederate Soldiers could go home if they no longer fought ► Take with them what they needed for spring plowing ► Officers keep their swords and weapons ► Grant sent food to Lee’s men ► Grant was gracious and realized the war was over and they were again 1 country “Touched by Fire” ► Intense experience – everyone was touched by the war ► Forged a new country; country was different than the one before ► Billions spent on conflict ► Every family had lost a family member or friend ► South’s crop lands and livestock had been destroyed Civil War ► First truly modern war ► Rail roads, telegraphy, armored ships, more accurate and destructive weapons ► Secession and slavery were gone but conflict over state’s rights and future of African Americans would continue into the future. Effects of the War • Civil War had deep and long lasting effects. – Almost 620,000 Americans killed • The South’s defeat ended slavery. – Majority of former slaves, however, had no homes or jobs. • Southern economy was in ruins. • Tremendous amount of hostility remained. – Questioned how the United States could be united again. Civil War Myths ► http://www.history.com/videos/civil-wars- greatest-myth#civil-wars-greatest-myth ► Myth: This was not a war about slavery. Some argue it isn’t. ► It was both about states rights and slavery. If there was no slavery, would there have been a war? Meaning of the Civil War ► http://www.history.com/videos/meaning-of- the-civil-war#meaning-of-the-civil-war