Download The Civil War

Chapter 16
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Essential Question:
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What were the strengths and weaknesses of the
North and South?
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At the beginning of the Civil War, 21 million
people lived in the North. Nine million lived
in the South. Of those living in the South 4
million were enslaved.
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How do you think these factors would affect the
odds of the South winning the war?
 Less people to fight! Less resources.
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Do you think other factors would affect the odds of
the South winning the war?
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The North
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Large population
Better resources
Wanted to restore the Union (a very big task!)
The South
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Wanted to establish itself as an independent nation
On the defense
Hold out until the North tires of war
Home field advantage
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The Anaconda Plan
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Break the South’s back: Gain control of the
Mississippi
Cut it in two: Send troops through Georgia and the
Carolinas
Chop off its head: Capture Richmond, Virginia
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Came from every region, but mostly from
farms
Tens of thousands were under 18, many even
younger than 14
Motivated by patriotism, loyalty, excitement
and fear
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Newer rifles fired with greater accuracy than
the muskets of earlier wars
Medical facilities were overwhelmed by
thousands of casualties
Battle of Shiloh
Many men deserted on both sides because of
fear, hunger or sickness
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1. Predict what you think would have been the
South’s greatest advantage in the war.
2. Answer the Essential Question: What were
the strengths and weaknesses of the North and
South?
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Essential Question:
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Why did neither the Union nor the Confederacy gain
a strong advantage during the early years of the
war?
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July 21, 1861
Inexperienced armies met in Northern Virginia
The Confederates, inspired by General Thomas
“Stonewall” Jackson, broke through Union
lines and were victorious
The outcome shocked Northerners
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Unions Goal: Control Mississippi River to cut
off Western states aid to the Confederacy
Ulysses S. Grant arises as military hero for the
North when he demands unconditional
surrender from Fort Donelson
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April 1862 – Lasted two days
One of the most bitter, bloody
fighting of the Civil War
More than 23,000 casualties
Important because the Union
victory had the North on its way
to controlling the Mississippi River
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Important victory for North
April 25, 1862 – Union forces capture largest
city in the South
Confederacy could no longer use the
Mississippi River to carry goods to sea
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Largely the result of leadership from General
Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson
Defeated some Union armies twice as large as
their own
Knowledge of terrain and the leader’s ability to
inspire the men were huge advantages
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On the urging of Confederate President
Jefferson Davis, General Robert E. Lee began an
invasion of the North
September 17, 1862 – Single deadliest day of
the Civil War
Important victory for Union – General Lee
retreated back into Virginia
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***At first, Abraham Lincoln cast the Civil War
as a battle for the Union rather than as a fight
against slavery. As the conflict progressed
however, Lincoln changed the way he thought
about slavery and its role in the war.
Use the next two slides to fill out the chart in
your packets!
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Hated slavery
Feared Union supporters would oppose a war
waged to end slavery
Hesitated to move against slavery for fear of
losing the border states
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Abolitionist
Slavery was morally wrong and needed to be
abolished
Slavery is the root of division between the
North and South
Wanted to make the war about slavery to gain
support from anti-slavery nations of Britain
and France
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Which of Frederick Douglass’s arguments for
making the abolition of slavery an aim of the
war do you find most convincing? Why?
Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation on
September 22, 1862
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A decree freeing all enslaved people in rebel
territory on January 1, 1863
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Government declared slavery to be wrong
Could not enforce the new policy throughout
the whole South
If the Union won, slavery would be banned
forever
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1. What did the Emancipation Proclamation
state?
2. Why was controlling the Mississippi River
vital to the North and the South?
3. Answer the Essential Question: Why did
neither the Union nor the Confederacy gain a
strong advantage during the early years of the
war?
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Essential Question:
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What social, political and economic changes resulted
from the war?
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Although the war affected everyone, life in the
South changed most dramatically
Destruction of homes and crops
 Thousands became refugees
 Due to the North’s naval blockade, lack of food and
supplies
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***Many Northern and Southern women took
on new responsibilities during the war.
Women kept the farms and factories going.
They ran offices, taught school and kept
government records. Women suffered the
stress of having husbands and sons away at
war and the pain of losing family members.
They scrimped and saved to make do without
many things they were used to, and they
prayed to keep their families together.
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***In the Civil War, for the first time, thousands
of women served as nurses. At first, many
doctors did not want women nurses, saying
that women were too delicate for the grisly
work required on battlefields. Men thought of
nursing as work for males and believed it was
improper for women to tend to the bodies of
unknown men. Strong minded women
disregarded these objections…
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Mary Edwards Walker
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Dorthea Dix
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Convinced officials to let women work as nurses.
Recruited large numbers of women to serve
Clara Barton
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First woman army surgeon. Received the Congressional
medal of honor
Famous for her work with wounded soldiers. Called
“The Angel of the Battlefield.” Founded the Red Cross
Sally Tompkins
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Established a hospital for soldiers in Richmond, Virginia
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Surgeons travelled with troops and set up
hospitals near battlefields
Doctors amputated limbs, cared for sick and
wounded
Hospitals overwhelmed with sick and
wounded
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Shortages of food, materials and money
Bread Riots
Hungry people took to the streets protesting a lack
of food
 Some turned violent
 Mostly women and children
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Democratic party opposed Lincoln and how he
was running the war
Peace Democrats called for an end to the war
Many Peace Democrats were considered
treasonous and earned the names
“Copperheads”
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To deal with war opponents in the North,
Lincoln suspended habeas corpus
Thousands of Northerners were jailed without
trial
Confederate President Jefferson Davis
suspended habeas corpus in the South as well
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After the initial excitement of war, North and
South had trouble recruiting troops
Both North and South passed draft laws
requiring men to register
Anti-draft sentiment led to riots in several
Northern cities
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The war strained economies of the North and
South. The two governments had three ways
of paying for the war.
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Borrowed money by selling war bonds
Imposed new taxes, including income taxes
Printed money. Northern money was called
greenbacks because of its color
**However, Northern industry profited from the war.
They produced guns, ammunition, shoes and
uniforms. Inflation, or general increases in prices
still caused great hardships during the war.
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Answer the Essential Question: What social,
political and economic changes resulted from
the war?
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South: Not allowed to enlist – afraid they might
revolt
North: Allowed to form all African American
regiments
54th Massachusetts Regiment: Famous for their
courage and sacrifice
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July 1863 – Gettysburg, PA
Confederates = 25,000 casualties
Union = 23,000 casualties
Marked a turn in the war as Union forces
defeated the Confederates
Put an end to Southern desire for aid from
Britain and France
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October, 1863: British government decided not to
release ships to aid the South
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Two minute speech given by President Lincoln
Honored the soldiers who fought and died
Stated his vision for the country
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General Ulysses S. Grant took the Southern
Capital of Richmond, Virginia
Formal surrender at Appomattox Court House
(Grant and Robert E. Lee)
April 9, 1865
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600,000 casualties
Southern cities and farmlands destroyed
Strengthened Northern federal government
Ended slavery
New problem: How do we bring the Southern
States back into the Union?????
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1. How were African American soldiers treated
differently than white soldiers?
2. Answer the Essential Question: How did the
events at Gettysburg change the course of the
war?