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Reconstruction, 1865- 1877 • • • 1865, the end of the Civil War, to 1877, the Compromise of 1877 Rebuilding the nation after the Civil War tore it apart 3 phases: 1. Presidential- Lincoln and Johnson, goal- Union 2. Congressional- (Radical Reconstruction), attempted protection of Black rights 3. Redemption- White Democratic Southerners regained power through violent means And now with my latest writing and utterance, and with what will [be] near to my latest breath, I here repeat, & would willingly proclaim, my unmitigated hatred to Yankee rule—to all political, social and business connections with Yankees, & to the perfidious, malignant, & vile Yankee race Florida Gov. John Milton Edmond Ruffin Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? 3. How do we integrate and protect newlyemancipated black freedmen? President Lincoln’s Plan 10% Plan * Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) 1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR. Perpetual Union Theory: Never believed the South left the Union Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). Senator Benjamin Wade (R-OH) Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. Congr. Henry W. Davis (R-MD) Wade-Davis Bill (1864) “Iron-Clad” Oath. “State Suicide” Theory. “Conquered Provinces” Position. President Lincoln Pocket Veto Wade-Davis Bill 13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Helped slaves adjust to freedom Negotiated labor contracts Set up schools for both races Northerners risk lives, Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do. Opposition to the Freedmen’s Bureau in a Penn. Newspaper Freedmen’s Bureau School Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South -Fisk -Howard -Hampton President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian Democrat. Anti-Aristocrat. White Supremacist. Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union. “Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!” President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. EFFECTS? 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South! Andrew Johnson’s Pardons: Is this Reconstruction or Restoration? Restoration States in 1865 • Elections to fill open seats • Elect 58 Confederate Congressmen, 8 CSA colonials, 4 CSA Generals, and the VP of the Confederacy, Alexander Stephens! Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES Slavery is Dead? Black Codes Purpose: * * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations. (replaced slave codes) Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers]. Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates. Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. February, 1866 President vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill. March, 1866 Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!! Memphis Riot, May 1-2, 1866 New Orleans Riot 1866 “The more information I obtain . . . the more revolting it becomes. It was no riot; it was an absolute massacre by the police which was not excelled in murderous cruelty by that of Fort Pillow.” Sheridan to Grant th 14 Amendment Ratified in July, 1868. * * * Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. (Protecting the Civil Rights Act of 1866) Insure against neo-Confederate political power. Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy. Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens! The 1866 Bi-Election A referendum on Radical Reconstruction. Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan. Republicans won a 3-1 majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state. Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle” Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision. Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments. In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Military Reconstruction Act: Command of the Army Act Tenure of Office Act Bayonet Rule The Tenure of Office Act The Senate must approve any presidential dismissal of a cabinet official or general of the army. Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government. Question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47! The Senate Trial 11 week trial. Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote). The 1868 Republican Ticket The 1868 Democratic Ticket Waving the Bloody Shirt! “Soldiers, every scar you have on your heroic bodies was given you by a Democrat. Every scar, every arm that is lacking, every limb that is gone, is a souvenir of a Democrat. I want you to recollect it . . .” 1868 Presidential Election Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. * * * Credit Mobilier Scandal. Whiskey Ring. The “Indian Ring.” * Credit Mobilier Scandal. 5 Congressmen forced to resign The Tweed Ring in NYC William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine) The Panic of 1873 Caused Northerners to become more concerned about the economy than Reconstruction Black “Adjustment” in the South: Is free simply the condition of not being a slave? Sherman’s Special Field Order #15 •40 acres and a mule promise •Latter overturned, land given back •Land redistribution never took place Economic- Sharecropping <<< Before Civil War <<< After Civil War Freedmen Adjust • First thing many do was to wander the countryside looking for sold off family members • Rename to get rid of slave family name, i.e. George Washington Carver • Built black independent churches Blacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black Civil War veterans. Most white southerners were unprepared to give Blacks political power. Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867. The 15th Amendment guaranteed federal voting. The Balance of Power in Congress State White Citizens Freedmen SC 291,000 411,000 Miss 353,000 436,000 Louis 357,000 350,000 GA 591,000 465,000 AL 596,000 437,000 VA 719,000 533,000 NC 631,000 331,000 Colored Rule in a Reconstructed State ? Black & White Political Participation Black Senate & House Delegates Hiram Revels (Miss) & Blanche Bruce (Miss): 1st black Senators 15th Amendment Ratified in 1870. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote! Republicans motivated to protect black voting rights to win elections VI. Redemption • The rise of Southern control • The abandonment of Reconstruction The “Invisible Empire of the South”instrument of the Democratic Party Ku Klux Klan & Carpetbaggers Word Origins of the KKK • The Scots-Gaelic Sanas of Ku Klux Klan Cu Cleócach Clainn Cloaked heroes of the Clann Cu: Champion, hero. (Dwelly, Faclair Gaidhlig Gu Beurla, Gaelic-English Dictionary , p. 283 Cleóc, Cloak, mantle, cover or conceal Cleócach, adj. cloaked (pron. Klukah) Clann, gs. clainn: Offspring, descendants, children; tribe, family. • During the evening the organization was perfected. Captain John B. Kennedy, on the committee to select a name mentioned one which he had considered, "Kukloi," from the Greek word "Kuklos," meaning a band or circle. James R. Crowe said, "Call is Ku Klux," and no one will know what it means. John C. Lester said: "Add Klan as we are all Scotch-Irish descent." • He then repeated the words: "Ku Klux Klan," the first time these words ever fell from human tongue. The weirdness of the alliteration appealed to the mysterious with them; so the name was adopted with a feeling that they had chosen something which would excite the curiosity of their friends and carry out their idea of amusement, which most unexpectedly to them, proved a boon to Pulaski and the South. • Emily Thach run the computer • Leslie and Jesse are on the Reconstruction was a success side • Have class fill in blanks for slides 66-93 • Do notecards as a class for the remaining time The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. “The Lost Cause.” The rise of the “Bourbons.” Redeemers (prewar Democrats and Union Whigs) people who want to take back white rule. The South continued to fight the Civil War after the war, guerilla warfare Southern Politics • Republicans • Democrats – Freedmen – Carpetbaggers – Scalawags – Former Confederate soldiers – KKK – Most whites The Civil Rights Act of 1875 Crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public conveyances and public places. Prohibited discrimination in jury selection. Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism. No new civil rights act was attempted for 90 years! Why did Northern Support Wane? “Grantism” & corruption seen as wasteful. Panic of 1873 [6-year depression]. Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars. Tired after 12 years 1876 Presidential Tickets 1876 Presidential Election 1876 Presidential Election • Close election • 3 states contested, Florida, Louisiana, & South Carolina • Republicans claimed Blacks were not allowed to vote and contested the results • Dispute dragged on to the next year The Political Crisis of 1877 “Corrupt Bargain” Part II? A Political Crisis: The Compromise of 1877 Democrats agreed to give all four of the contested states to the Republicans and Hayes if they agreed to end Reconstruction and remove the federal troops from the South (Wormley Hotel Agreement) The North won the Civil War, but the South won Reconstruction “Regional Balance?” “The New South” • Idea articulated by Henry Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution in the 1880’s • The Old South was based on plantation slavery, the New South would be urban and industrial like the North • Did it come true? Vs. Economic Progress • Boom in textiles • Tobacco and cigarette production, James Duke • Steel-Birmingham • Memphis center of the lumber industry • Agriculture- George Washington Carver promoted peanut production to replace cotton Continued Poverty attended a funeral once in Pickens county in my • Sharecropping/ cotton IState. . . . This funeral was peculiarly sad. It was a fellow. They buried him in the midst of a marble production continues poor quarry: they cut through solid marble to make his grave; and yet a little tombstone they put above him • Cycle of debt was from Vermont. They buried him in the heart of a pine forest, and yet the pine coffin was imported from Cincinnati. They buried him within touch of an iron • Poor education mine, and yet the nails in his coffin and the iron in the shovel that dug his grave were imported from system Pittsburg. They buried him by the side of the best sheep-grazing country on the earth, and yet the wool • Late start in the coffin bands and the coffin bands themselves were brought from the North. The South didn’t furnish industrializing a thing on earth for that funeral but the corpse and the hole in the ground. There they put him away and • Most business owned the clods rattled down on his coffin, and they buried him in a New York coat and a Boston pair of shoes and by Northern investors a pair of breeches from Chicago and a shirt from Cincinnati, leaving him nothing to carry into the next and banks world with him to remind him of the country in which he lived, and for which he fought for four years, but chill of blood in his veins and the marrow in his • Did the South become the bones. -Henry Grady to the Bay State Club of a colony of the North? Boston, 1889 Per Capita Income 1857 1879 Black $28.95 42.22 White 124.79 80.57 Avg. 74.28 60.13 • The South did not recover economically from the war until the 1940’s Politics • Solid South is the electoral support of the Southern US (Former CSA) for the Democratic Party candidates for nearly a century from 1877, the end of Reconstruction, to 1964, during the middle of the Civil Rights era. Nadir (low point) of Race Relations • Civil Rights Act of 1875 & 14th Amendment supposed to protect Black Civil Rights • Instead Jim Crow laws developed that legally separated the races in all parts of Southern society – Education, public restrooms, theatres, trains… Segregated Drinking Fountain • Routine acts like using a rest room or getting a drink were an exercise in humiliation for blacks. • Blacks who challenged “Jim Crow” laws often met with violence. Black Codes were not the same as Jim Crow Laws • • • • • • • • • The Black Codes outraged public opinion in the North because it seemed the South was creating a form of quasi-slavery to negate the results of the war. After winning large majorities in the 1866 elections, the Republicans put the South under military rule. They held new elections in which the Freedmen could vote. Suffrage was also expanded to poor whites. The new governments repealed all the Black Codes; The 14th Amendment's equal protection clause ensured that the Black Codes could not reappear in southern legislation. It was adopted on July 9th, 1868. The Black Codes of the 1860s are not the same as the Jim Crow laws. The Black Codes were in reaction to the abolition of slavery and the South's defeat in the Civil War. Southern legislatures enacted them in the 1860s. The Jim Crow era began later, nearer to the end of the 19th century after Reconstruction. Voting Rights After Reconstruction • Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses were all used to deny blacks the right to vote. • The 15th amendment was circumvented. Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 • The US Supreme Court officially approved segregated facilities. “Separate but Equal” • The court found that states could legally separate the races by providing “separate but equal” facilities. • This, according to the Court, would not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment • Of course, from schools to waiting rooms at train stations the facilities were not equal. The United States of America are a great place to live. Vs. The United States of American is a great place to live The End RECONSTRUCTION HISTORIOGRAPHY “Traditional” Interpretations • Late 19th century • Radical Republicans dominated southern life • Unscrupulous carpetbaggers and scalawags exploited the poor South; graft rampant! • Black supremacy oppressed poor white Southerners; nothing but barbaric! • Argues race the major issue, • Reconstruction A BIG failure! • Interpretation is now considered racist. William Archibald Dunning • From New Jersey • 1857-1922 • Defined first decades of Reconstruction history • Condoned KKK • Poor abused South • Evil scheming North • Child-like Negroes Progressive Historians • • • • Early 20th century Second American Revolution Largest issue: ECONOMICS Dominant northern capitalists exploit defeated South • South still exploited, but for different reasons, evil plot nonetheless. • A handful of scholars dispute this view. Charles A. Beard • 1874-1948 • Dominant northern capitalists exploit defeated South • Economic interpretation beginning in 1923 • Focused on material self interest, not ideology W.E.B. DuBois • 1868-1963 • Brought African American experience to the table • Wrote Black Reconstruction • Communist • Reconstruction had a good side, benefits. Revisionist Historians • Second Reconstruction Era: 1950’s and 1960’s • African-Americans at center of issue • Andrew Johnson now a pig-headed racist • Radical Republicans are GOOD guys! • Reconstruction had positive effects! • Revolutionary impulse thwarted LaWanda F. Cox • 1909-2005 • Moderate Republicans spearheaded Reconstruction • Not economics but race relations the major issue • Genuine conviction for legal equality Kenneth Stampp • 1912• Refutes Dunning • Reconstruction a success • Last “great crusade of 19th century reformers.” • Issue: too many secondary sources C. Vann Woodward • 1908-1999 • Reconstruction was not revolutionary • Very conservative • Strange Career of Jim Crow (1955) • Dissertation advisor: Howard K. Beale John Hope Franklin • 1915• Focused on AfricanAmerican contribution • “And what historians have written tells as much about their own generation as about the Reconstruction period itself.” • Civil Rights influence Post-revisionism • 1970’s • Racial prejudice compromised efforts to aid freedmen. • Reconstruction was “superficial” • New South just continuation of Old South • Reconstruction was conservative and not revolutionary at all! Eric Foner • Marxist • Issue is changing class relationships • Use of law to preserve plantation system and control of labor • Economic role pertained to labor control • Reconstruction was the 2nd American Revolution The End Tenancy & the Crop Lien System Furnishing Merchant Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest. Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt. Tenant Farmer Plants crop, harvests in autumn. Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt. Landowner Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop. Military Reconstruction Act Johnson the Martyr / Samson “If my blood is to be shed because I vindicate the Union and the preservation of this government in its original purity and character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and the blood that now warms and animates my existence shall be poured out as a fit libation to the Union.” (February 1866) • Some historians have argued that Manifest Destiny was a form American Imperialism. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence. • Evaluate the effectiveness of political compromise in reducing sectional tensions like a historian would by using specific evidence from 1820 to 1861. • Some historians have argued that on the eve of the Civil War, the North and South were two separate societies. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence. • Some historians have argued that the Civil War was fought over slavery. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence. • Some historians have argued that Reconstruction from 1865 – 1877 was a failure. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.