Download Reconstruction (1865

Jumpstart
• Pick up the notes packet and your folder. You
will need a pencil, a highlighter, and a sheet of
paper for class today.
• Consider:
At the end of the war, the country had to be put back
together (reconstructed), which meant letting the rebel
states back into the Union. Lawmakers had to decide
whether to punish them or forgive.
– How might the states respond if the government
punishes them?
– Is there any danger in being too forgiving?
What If? At the end of the Civil War, the Southern states had to
become part of the U.S. again. Which of these steps would
you recommend if you were in charge of creating a united
country in 1865? Discuss these with your group and pick 5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Punish the South, so those states
don’t try to secede again.
Forbid former Confederate leaders
from voting or holding office.
Make the Southern states rewrite their
constitutions, pass the 14th
amendment, and give former male
slaves voting rights before they can
get back into the Union.
Send troops into the South and have
them keep an eye on things.
Replace the old state governments
with new officials who will protect the
rights of African Americans and follow
the new rules.
6. Let Southern states come back into
the Union without being punished.
7. Pardon (officially forgive) former
Confederate soldiers if they promise
to support emancipation.
8. Let Southern states decide how they
will enforce civil rights laws.
9. Allow the people that were in charge
before the war to regain control of
the state governments.
10. Try to forgive and forget. It will be
better if everyone puts this mess in
the past.
Who were the Radical
Republicans?
• Radical Republicans wanted:
1. Revenge
2. To protect freed slaves
3. To continue controlling the government
Reconstruction before Surrender
* Wade–Davis
Bill (1864): idea for
Reconstruction written by two Radical
Republicans (Wade and Davis)
*
Required a majority in each Southern state to take
the Ironclad oath against the Confederacy
*
Passed both houses of Congress on July 2, 1864
*
Vetoed by Lincoln and never took effect
* Lincoln
believed this plan would make it too
difficult to repair the Union
Presidential Reconstruction
10% Plan
*
*
*
Pardon to all BUT the highest ranking
Confederate officers
10% of the voting population had to
take an oath of loyalty and establish a
new state government
Designed to end Reconstruction quickly
Andrew Johnson took over this plan
when Lincoln was assassinated
Johnson did not provide protection
for former slaves
Congressional Reconstruction
 Reconstruction Act
of 1867
*
*
*
Effected the 10
Southern states that
refused to ratify the
14th Amendment
Divided them into 5
military districts
Each governed by a
Union general and
military troops
You Decide!
• You are a U.S. Senator in 1865.
• We are going to take a vote on whether to
implement the plan for Reconstruction
presented by the President (10% Plan) or
the one presented by Congress (Radical
Republican Plan).
• We will do a roll call vote. Be prepared to
present your reasons for voting as you did.
13th Amendment- “FREED”
 Ratified in
December, 1865
 Outlawed slavery
 Neither slavery
nor involuntary
servitude, […]
shall exist within
the United
States
th
14
Amendment- “CITIZENS”
 Ratified in July, 1868.
*
citizenship
regardless of race
Provide
 Former slaves were now
citizens and had all the
rights of white citizens
 Southern states could
be punished for
interfering with these
15th Amendment- “VOTE”
 Ratified in 1870
 Freedmen gained the
right to vote
 “The right of citizens
of the United States to
vote shall not be
denied or abridged by
the United States or by
any state on account of
race, color, or
previous condition of
servitude.”
Quick Quiz -
th
13 ,
th
14 ,
or
th
15 ?
 Get out a sheet of paper and number 1-5 and write the
sentences. For each of the following, indicate which of the Civil
War amendments protects that right.
1.
Former slaves and men of all races can vote.
 15th
2. If you are born in the U.S., you are a U.S. citizen.
 14th
3. Slavery is illegal in the United States.
 13th
4. Former slaves are protected by laws and are considered citizens.
 14th
5. Due process (people have the right to be treated fairly by the
government) and equal protection are guaranteed to all.
 14th
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
 Created by Congress:
 Provided food and
supplies
 Established schools
 Anyone who pledged
loyalty to the Union
could lease forty acres
of land
 Not very successful
 Southerners
threatened former
slaves into selling
their forty acres
 Many bureau agents
accepted bribes
Jumpstart
• Pick up your folder and the Jim Crow
handout (half-sheet).
• Get out your notes from yesterday.
Sharecropping Simulation
You are a sharecropper. I am the
landlord.
You are a former slave - now freed.
Landlord: “I will provide you with 40 acres of
land, a house, food, tools, seed and other
essentials for the year. You will grow what I tell
you and you will pay me back with the proceeds
from the sale of your crop each year. You can
keep the rest of the money for yourself.”
Cost per year:
40 acres and a house: $100
Seed:
$5.00
Tools:
$20.00
Food:
$50.00
Other stuff:
$20.00
$195
TOTAL? _____________
It is now September and you have harvested
your crops. How much did you make?
1,000 lbs. of cotton @ 10 cents per lb
$100
_______
200 bushels of corn @ 10 cents per lb
$20
_______
100 bushels of tomatoes @ 15 cents per lb
$15
_______
$30
_______
300 pounds of melons @ 10 cents per lb
TOTAL:
$165
______
How much did you owe for the
year to the landlord?
Do you still owe me money?
How about next year you farm
twice the amount of land to
make up the difference?
Cost per year:
80 acres and a house: $180
Seed:
$10.00
Tools:
$20.00
Food:
$50.00
Other stuff:
$40.00
$300
TOTAL? _____________
Was this a good situation
for the freedmen?
How did it benefit the
landlords?
What are the implications
for the future?
Sharecropping
 Freedmen rented
plots of land in
order to provide for
their families
 Sharecropping
emerged
 Many ended up
renting from their
former masters
 Kept blacks indebted
to white landowners
 Could not earn much
and remained poor
End of Reconstruction
• Election of 1876 – Hayes (Republican) vs. Tilden
(Democrat)
– Democrats won electoral AND popular vote
– Republicans charged Democrats with corrupt voting
– A commission was formed to recount and decide who truly won
the election
– Republicans won by ONE electoral vote BUT had to
negotiate with the Democrats to have them go along with
it:
• Pulled out of all federal troops from South
• South decides on enforcement of new Amendments
– South gradually reclaimed old power structures
– Black codes and Jim Crow laws economically and socially
oppressed freedmen
Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws
 Purposes:
*
*
*
*
Laws used to limit rights of
the freedmen
Helped Southern planters find
workers to replace former
slaves (freedmen could be
arrested without a job)
Kept freedmen at the bottom
of the social and political
order (segregation in public)
Segregation = legal separation
Which Does it Violate?
 Employment was required of all freedmen; violators faced vagrancy charges.
 14th Citizenship
 Freedmen could not assemble without the presence of a white person.
 1st Assembly
 Public facilities were segregated.
 14th Citizenship
 Freedmen who were not in the military service could not carry fire-arms, or
any kind of weapons, without written permission of their white employers.
 2nd Bear Arms
 Freedmen were not permitted to preach or lead congregations of colored
people, without a special permission in writing.
 1st Religion
 Every freedmen was required to be in the regular service of some white
person, or former owner, who was held responsible for the conduct of those
freedmen.
 Very Close to violating 13th
Ku Klux Klan
 Angry whites resorted to
violence to intimidate freedmen
 The KKK was the main group
 Secret society of white supremacists
formed in Tennessee in 1866
 Klansmen, who wore white
hoods, harassed, beat, and
sometimes even lynched (hung)
freedmen
 Used these tactics to scare
blacks away from the polls
during elections
 Also punished those who did not
obey their demands
Homestead Act
(1862)
 Purpose: Encourage economic
growth and expansion to the
West
 Provided families with 160 acres
of land if they agreed to
“improve” it (build a home and
plant crops)
 In 5 years they could own the
property
 140,000 homesteads granted
under this act
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
Wbbk0O8-70w
3 minutes
Morrill Act (1862)
 Purpose: Provide federal land for
agricultural and mechanical
colleges
 Gave each state 30,000 acres of
federal lands times the # of its
members in Congress
 15 members: 30,000 x 15=
450,000 acres of land
 States sold the land and used
the money to create universities
for agriculture and mechanical
arts
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=5Vh5Bim3Enw
Morrill Act 1862– Penn State
3 min
Dawes Act (1887)
 Purpose: Promote the
assimilation of the American
Indians into American society
 Gave each Indian family 160
acres of farmland. The
remaining tribal farmlands
were “surplus” and open to
white settlement
 Nearly destroyed Native
Indian culture
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTfRNtj
TMKs
Dawes Act – 1:49
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxlh
Xz62L_k
Dawes Act – Animation 1 min