Download Chapter 11-3 - Freeman Public Schools

Bell Ringer
1. “I got my famous nickname during the Battle of Bull Run, when I
stood like a stone wall, giving soldiers something to rally around.”
2. “I was president of the Confederacy and ordered troops to invade
Maryland.”
3. “I was relieved of my command in the Union army after hesitating to
attack at the Battle of Antietam.”
The War behind the Lines
The Main Idea
The Civil War created hardships, challenges, and
opportunities for people in the North and the South.
Reading Focus
• How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the Civil
War?
• How did African Americans contribute to the war effort?
• What was life like in the military?
• What similarities and differences existed on the home
front in the North and South?
The Emancipation Proclamation
• Attitudes about the war changed with increased
casualties
– No longer about just saving the Union, the South needed to be
punished for the bloodshed of the war.
– Lincoln convinced to use constitutional power to end slavery, denying
the South the labor needed to continue the war
• Emancipation Proclamation issued on January 1, 1863
– It freed the slaves in all areas in rebellion against the U.S.
– Abolitionists were upset slavery continued in the Union.
– Riots broke out with increased competition for jobs in the North.
– Supporters felt it would shorten the war.
• Overseas reaction
– The British felt Lincoln should have freed all of the slaves.
– With war now about ending slavery, Britain would side with the
Union.
The Emancipation Proclamation
•
Transcription of the Emancipation Proclamation from the National
Archives
•
In what ways did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the Civil War?
African Americans and the War
In the South, African American farm and plantation labor
released white males for the war effort. Slaves performed
many non-combat jobs in the Confederate army.
Escaped slaves worked for the Union army in various jobs.
They formed Union army regiments in Louisiana, South
Carolina, and Kansas, serving in segregated units.
Initially used for labor and guard duty, when allowed into
battle they fought heroically.
The 54th Massachusetts Infantry was the most famous unit.
180,000 African Americans served in Union armies, taking
part in 200 battles. More than 38,000 died serving the
Union.
Life in the Military
Wartime
medicine
Camp
life
• Disease was responsible for most deaths, and
various epidemics swept through the camps.
• Sanitary Commission worked to improve conditions.
• Conditions were poor, tents were crowded, and the
ground muddy or dusty depending on the weather.
• Camp rations were good, but while on the march
soldiers relied on hardtack and coffee.
Prison
camps
• Prisoner exchanges ended in 1863, and both sides
were guilty of inhumane treatment of prisoners.
• Most notorious camps—Andersonville and Elmira
Life on the Home Front
Southern Home Front
Confederate Draft
• Shortages made life difficult.
• Needed to maintain the army
• There were few factories, and
food production dropped
because of war.
• Confederate Congress
enacted 1st military draft in
American history—April 1862
• War was fought on credit,
and inflation resulted.
• Unpopular conscription,
forced service, contradicted
states’ rights
• High prices and shortages led
to food riots.
• Soldiers deserted to take care
of their families.
• Poor men were patriotic, but
their families came first.
• Governors of Georgia and
North Carolina tried to block
the draft.
• Slaveholders were exempted
from the draft.
• Some areas were placed
under martial law.
Copperheads and the Union Draft
No shortages, but the Union needed to draft more soldiers
Union draft law allowed the wealthy to hire substitutes or
pay a $300 fee—making the war a poor man’s fight.
Antidraft riots fueled an existing antiwar movement, called
Peace Democrats by supporters, Copperheads by critics.
Vocal critics who opposed the war, the draft, or
emancipation were arrested and jailed without trials.
This was possible because Lincoln suspended habeas
corpus across the entire country, saying he was willing to
violate the constitution in order to save the nation.
Women in the Civil War
Southern Women
• Spied for the Confederacy
• Took over farms, stores,
and plantations
• Worked in the few
factories and made
ammunition for the troops
• Formed societies to make
bandages, shirts and
bedclothes
• Acted as volunteer nurses
before Confederate
Congress passed law
allowing them to be hired
as army nurses
Northern Women
• Stepped into jobs so men
could go fight
• Produced huge amounts of
food with the aid of new
farm equipment
• Female teachers went south
to educate former slaves
after the war
• Became the first women to
hold federal clerical jobs
• Served in the Union army as
nurses and volunteered to
work in hospitals
• Clara Barton- went on to
found the American Red
Cross