Download The Civil War and Texas

Lone Star: The Story of Texas
Chapter 12
The Civil War and
Reconstruction:
1861 - 1876
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Lone Star: The Story of Texas
Chapter 12: The Civil War and Reconstruction: 1861 - 1876
Section 1:
Causes of the Civil War
Section 2:
The Civil War and Texas
Section 3:
Life on the Home Front
Section 4:
Reconstruction in Texas
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Causes of the Civil War
Chapter 12, Section 1
• Why did slavery take root in Texas?
• What issues began to split the nation
apart?
• How did Texas make the decision to
secede from the United States?
Slavery in Texas
Chapter 12, Section 1
• Slavery in Early Texas - Many settlers brought slaves
with them to Texas. Slaves were a cheap source of
labor to work the cotton fields. Under the law, slaves
were considered property. Some slaves escaped to
Mexico, where slavery was illegal.
• Most Northerners opposed slavery. In the South,
many people feared that the loss of slavery would
bankrupt the South. They threatened to secede
(withdraw) from the Union if slavery was outlawed.
• Abolitionists were people who wanted to end slavery.
• Vigilantes are people who take the law into their own
hands.
The Growing Slave Population in Texas, 1825–1860
Chapter 12, Section 1
The Nation Splits Apart
Chapter 12, Section 1
• Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 - This act gave the
people of Kansas and Nebraska the right to decide if
their states would allow slavery. Many Southerners
favored this act, most Northerners did not.
• States’ rights - the idea that states have the right to
limit the power of the federal government. Most
Southerners believed that the federal government
went beyond its power by limiting the spread of
slavery.
• Dred Scott - This landmark Supreme Court case ruled
that African Americans did not have the rights of
citizens. This ruling prevented the U.S. Congress from
outlawing slavery in the territories
Texas Secedes
Chapter 12, Section 1
• The Secession Convention - Oran M. Roberts,
chief justice of the Texas Supreme Court, called a
convention to discuss Texas leaving the Union.
The delegates voted 166 to 8 to secede. On
February 23, 1861, the people of Texas voted to
secede.
• Texas Joins the Confederacy - Soon after the
vote, Texas delegates helped to establish the
Confederate States of America. On March 5, 1861,
the Secession Convention declared Texas
independent of the United States.
Causes of the Civil War - Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 1
Why did most Southerners support states’ rights?
(A) They wanted the right to regulate the sale of cotton.
(B) They wanted each state to have its own system of government.
(C) They did not believe in paying federal taxes.
(D) They felt that individual states should decide the issue of slavery.
Abolitionists wanted to end _________
(A) vigilante justice.
(B) slavery.
(C) states’ rights.
(D) the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
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Causes of the Civil War - Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 1
Why did most Southerners support states’ rights?
(A) They wanted the right to regulate the sale of cotton.
(B) They wanted each state to have its own system of government.
(C) They did not believe in paying federal taxes.
(D) They felt that individual states should decide the issue of slavery.
Abolitionists wanted to end _________
(A) vigilante justice.
(B) slavery.
(C) states’ rights.
(D) the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
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The Civil War and Texas
Chapter 12, Section 2
• How did Texas contribute to the war
effort?
• Which Civil War battles were fought in
Texas?
The War Begins
Chapter 12, Section 2
• The United States government declared that it
was illegal for Texas to secede. Southerners
argued that they freely joined the Union, and they
could freely leave it.
• Confederate states took control of federal forts,
navy yards, and arsenals (storehouses for
weapons). Confederates captured all federal
property in Texas. Union troops were forced out
of the state.
• On April 12, 1861, Confederates fired on Fort
Sumter in South Carolina. This was the start of
the Civil War.
The South’s Disadvantage
Chapter 12, Section 2
The South’s Disadvantage
• The South had 1 million
men of fighting age. The
North had 4 million.
• The South had to import
most of its war supplies.
The North could
manufacture and
transport all the
supplies it needed.
Texans in the Union Army
• More than 2,000 Anglo
Texans and 47 African
Americans from Texas
served in the Union
Army.
• Tejanos and Mexican
citizens made up the
federal Second Texas
Cavalry.
Texans Battle West of the Mississippi River
Chapter 12, Section 2
Battle
Outcome
The Battle of Galveston
Texas broke through the Union blockade and
regained control of the port of Galveston.
The Battle of Sabine Pass
Texans forced Union attackers to retreat and
captured 300 Union soldiers.
The Battle of Laredo
Colonel Santos Benavides and his Tejano
troops drove off Union soldiers who were
planning to attack Laredo and burn its store of
cotton.
The Red River Campaign
Confederate forces, under Richard Taylor,
defeated Union forces that were trying to invade
Texas.
The Civil War and Texas - Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 2
Why did the Union blockade Texas ports?
(A) To keep soldiers from escaping by water
(B) To prevent weapons and supplies from being delivered
(C) To keep cotton from being shipped out of state
(D) To prevent Texan soldiers from leaving Texas
What major advantage did the North have over the South at the beginning
of the Civil War?
(A) More men of fighting age
(B) More patriotism
(C) More dedicated soldiers
(D) More assistance from other nations
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The Civil War and Texas - Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 2
Why did the Union blockade Texas ports?
(A) To keep soldiers from escaping by water
(B) To prevent weapons and supplies from being delivered
(C) To keep cotton from being shipped out of state
(D) To prevent Texan soldiers from leaving Texas
What major advantage did the North have over the South at the beginning
of the Civil War?
(A) More men of fighting age
(B) More patriotism
(C) More dedicated soldiers
(D) More assistance from other nations
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Life on the Home Front
Chapter 12, Section 3
• How did the economy of Texas change
during the war?
• What shortages did Texans face during
the war?
• What hardships did Unionists face in
Texas?
• What brought the Civil War to an end?
The Wartime Economy
Chapter 12, Section 3
Wartime brought new hardships to many Texans. Most
suffered from shortages of manufactured goods and other
supplies.
• Blockade runners were ships that slipped past Union
blockades to bring manufactured goods to Texas.
• In Texas, women worked together to make uniforms for
the troops. In 1862 the Confederate Quartermaster’s
Clothing Bureau began providing food and supplies for
the army.
• Inmates at Huntsville prison manufactured cloth for the
uniforms.
• Instead of cotton,Texas farmers grew corn and wheat,
and supplied beef and bacon to the army.
Hard Times and Shortages
Chapter 12, Section 3
Texans made many sacrifices for the war effort.
• Farmers donated grain.
• Women gave up their jewelry, so troops could
purchase supplies.
• Local committees collected food, clothing, and
money for the war effort.
• The blockade forced Texans to go without coffee,
sugar, paper, and other items.
Unionists
Chapter 12, Section 3
• Unionists -Texans who remained loyal to the Union
• The Great Hanging - Many who sided with the Union
lived in the Gainesville area. State troops from North
Texas rounded up 150 able-bodied men who resisted
the draft and charged them with treason. Some 40 of
them were hanged.
• Most Germans in the Fredericksburg and San Antonio
areas remained neutral. Confederates suspected that
these Germans supported the Union. Confederate
troops attacked an armed group of 65 German men
and boys. They killed many Germans in a clash
known as the Battle of the Nueces or the Nueces
Massacre.
The War Ends
Chapter 12, Section 3
Surrender at Appomattox
• Union General Ulysses S.
Grant trapped Confederate
General Robert E. Lee at
Petersburg, Virginia.
• Union General William T.
Sherman captured Atlanta,
Georgia.
• Grant accepted Lee’s
surrender at the
Appomattox Court House
on April 9, 1865
Battle at Palmito Ranch
• Some Texas Confederates
refused to give up the war.
• On May 12, 1865, Union
Colonel Theodore H. Barrett
attacked Confederate forces
at Palmito Ranch.
• The Confederates
counterattacked, forcing
Barrett to retreat.
• Despite this victory, the
Texas Confederates
received orders to disband
their armies.
Life on the Home Front - Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 3
Who died in the “Great Hanging”?
(A) Inmates at the prison in Huntsville
(B) Blockade runners
(C) Germans from San Antonio
(D) Unionists from the Gainesville area
During the Civil War, what were Texans forced to sacrifice?
(A) summer vacations
(B) wool
(C) cattle
(D) sugar
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Life on the Home Front - Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 3
Who died in the “Great Hanging”?
(A) Inmates at the prison in Huntsville
(B) Blockade runners
(C) Germans from San Antonio
(D) Unionists from the Gainesville area
During the Civil War, what were Texans forced to sacrifice?
(A) summer vacations
(B) wool
(C) cattle
(D) sugar
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Reconstruction in Texas
Chapter 12, Section 4
• What did Texas have to do to rejoin the
Union?
• How were African Americans’ rights
limited and protected during
Reconstruction?
• How did the U.S. Congress change the
course of Reconstruction?
• How did Reconstruction change Texas?
Reconstruction Begins
Chapter 12, Section 4
Reconstruction - the federal government’s plan to restore the
South to the Union after the Civil War.
Johnson’s Plan- Under President Johnson’s plan, all
Confederate states would have to meet some conditions
before reentering the Union:
• End slavery
• Set up temporary governments
• Declare secession illegal
• Require all adult white males to take an oath of loyalty to
the U.S.
Andrew J. Hamilton, provisional governor of Texas, called the
Constitutional Convention of 1866. Delegates accepted most
of Johnson’s terms. In June of 1866, Texans accepted the new
constitution and elected James Throckmorton as governor.
The Struggle for African American Rights
Chapter 12, Section 4
Black Codes
• Texas legislators made
new laws to control
African Americans. These
codes limited the rights
of African Americans and
prevented them from
serving on juries or
holding public office.
African Americans faced
arrest if they were not
working.
The Freedman’s Bureau
• In 1865, the federal
government established
the Freedmen’s Bureau. It
was supposed to protect
African Americans from
violence and black
codes.
• Some white Texans
resented the bureau.
Some bureau officials
were attacked and killed.
The Congressional Plan for Reconstruction
Chapter 12, Section 4
• Republicans felt that Reconstruction was too lenient on the
South. They did not like having Confederate leaders voted
into high office. They resented the fact that Texas did not
ratify two constitutional amendments:
• Thirteenth Amendment - banned slavery
• Fourteenth Amendment - made all African Americans
citizens
• In response, Congress placed the South under control of
the army. The army supervised Texas until it passed a new
constitution that gave African Americans the right to vote
and hold office.
• Many white Texans resented Congress’s actions. Secret
societies, such as the Ku Klux Klan, formed to frighten
African American voters away from the polls.
The Convention of 1868
Chapter 12, Section 4
• Texans elected delegates to create a new state
constitution. The convention split into two main groups:
• Radical Republicans wanted radical, or major, changes.
• Moderate Republicans wanted moderate, or less
extreme, changes.
• Under the new constitution, African Americans and
former Confederates gained the right to vote. The
governor had the power to appoint judges and other
officials. The new constitution required all children to go
to school. Voters approved this constitution in 1869. In
1870, Texas was readmitted into the Union.
The End of Reconstruction
Chapter 12, Section 4
Economic Changes
• Cotton, wheat and corn production increased, due to the
expansion of the railroad.
• Texans developed more industries, producing textiles, iron,
and other goods.
New Labor System
• The sharecropper system replaced the system of slave
labor after the civil war.
• Landowners assumed all the housing and production costs
in exchange for the sharecropper working the land.
• Sharecroppers gave half the value of their crop to the
landowner.
The End of Reconstruction
Chapter 12, Section 4
The Constitution of 1876
• Cut the governor’s power to appoint officers
• Limited elected leaders to two-year terms
• Gave all males, including African Americans, the
right to vote
• Required that voters approve any changes to the
constitution
• Remains the basic law of Texas to this day
Reconstruction in Texas - Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 4
What was the purpose of the black codes?
(A) To regulate groups like the Ku Klux Klan
(B) To keep scalawags out of public office
(C) To help African Americans gain more rights
(D) To limit the rights of African Americans
Who were carpetbaggers?
(A) Sharecroppers who worked their way across Texas
(B) Men from the North who won public office in Texas
(C) Bankers who bought land cheaply after the Civil War
(D) Free African Americans who worked for room and board
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Reconstruction in Texas - Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 4
What was the purpose of the black codes?
(A) To regulate groups like the Ku Klux Klan
(B) To keep scalawags out of public office
(C) To help African Americans gain more rights
(D) To limit the rights of African Americans
Who were carpetbaggers?
(A) Sharecroppers who worked their way across Texas
(B) Men from the North who won public office in Texas
(C) Bankers who bought land cheaply after the Civil War
(D) Free African Americans who worked for room and board
Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!