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STAAR FACTS REVIEW (100 +FACTS) DRILL AND KILL! (EDITED AND REVISED) IN THIS YEAR, THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGISH SETTLEMENT IN AMERICA WAS ESTABLISHED 1607 In this year the Pilgrims established Plymouth colony and signed the Mayflower Compact. 1620 IN THIS YEAR, THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE WAS SIGNED. 1776 IN THIS YEAR, THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION WAS WRITTEN. 1787 IN THIS YEAR, THE LOUISIANA TERRITORY WAS PURCHASED FROM FRANCE, DOUBLING THE SIZE OF THE UNITED STATES. 1803 THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR TOOK PLACE DURING THESE YEARS. 1861-1865 THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IN AMERICA. JAMESTOWN THE FIRST SHOTS OF THE AMERICAN REVOUTION WERE FIRED AT THESE TWO PLACES ON APRIL 19, 1775. LEXINGTON AND CONCORD, MASSACHUSETTS This address was intended to help heal and restore the country after four years of Civil War. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address THIS BATTLE IS CALLED THE TURNING POINT OF THE AMERICAN REVOUTION. SARATOGA THIS WAS THE FINAL BATTLE OF THE AMERICAN REVOUTION. YORKTOWN (VIRGINIA) The sharing of power between the state and national government. FEDERALISM THE FIRST SHOTS OF THE CIVIL WAR WERE FIRED HERE. FORT SUMTER, CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA THIS BATTLE WAS CALLED THE TURNING POINT OF THE CIVIL WAR BECAUSE THE SOUTH WAS NEVER ABLE TO INVADE THE NORTH AGAIN. GETTYSBURG (PENNSYLVANIA) THIS BATTLE GAVE THE UNION ARMY CONTROL OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND SPLIT THE CONFEDERACY IN TWO. VICKSBURG (MISSISSIPPI) THIS IS THE PLACE WHERE GENERAL LEE SURRENDERED THE CONFEDERATE ARMY TO GENERAL GRANT ON APRIL 9, 1865. APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA THIS IS A TAX PLACED ON GOODS BROUGHT INTO A COUNTRY. TARIFF The later writings and interpretations of historians and writers such as textbooks Secondary sources THIS IS A TAX PLACED ON GOODS FROM ANOTHER COUNTRY TO PROTECT THE HOME INDUSTRY. PROTECTIVE TARIFF THIS MEANS A STRONG SENSE OF LOYALTY TO A STATE OR SECTION INSTEAD OF THE WHOLE COUNTRY. SECTIONALISM THE BELIEF THAT THE UNITED STATES SHOULD OWN ALL THE LAND BETWEEN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN AND THE PACIFIC OCEAN. MANIFEST DESTINY THIS IS THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE SALE OR DRINKING OF ALCOHOL. TEMPERANCE A SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT IN WHICH VOTERS ELECT REPRESENTATIVES TO MAKE LAWS FOR THEM. REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT THE FIRST REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY IN AMERICA. VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES EXECUTIVE, LEGISLATIVE, JUDICIAL. THE THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT A SYSTEM SET UP BY THE CONSTITUTION IN WHICH EACH BRANCH OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAS THE POWER TO CHECK, OR CONTROL, THE ACTIONS OF THE OTHER BRANCHES. CHECKS AND BALANCES A SYSTEM IN WHICH EACH BRANCH OF THE GOVERNMENT HAS ITS OWN POWERS. SEPARATION OF POWERS THE PRACTICE OF ALLOWING EACH TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES TO DECIDE FOR ITSELF WHETHER OR NOT TO HAVE SLAVERY. POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY A WORD WHICH MEANS TO CHANGE. AMEND CRUEL AND UNJUST GOVERNMENT. TYRANNY A FORM OF GOVERNMENT THAT IS RUN BY THE PEOPLE GIVING THE PEOPLE SUPREME POWER. DEMOCRACY The refusal to obey a government law or laws as a means of passive resistance as a result of one’s moral conviction or belief, such as Henry David Thoreau’s refusal to pay a tax which he thought would be used for an unjust cause. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE THIS WORD MEANS TO APPROVE BY VOTE. RATIFY THE RIGHT OF THE SUPREME COURT TO JUDGE LAWS PASSED BY CONGRESS AND DETERMINE WHETHER THEY ARE CONSTITUTIONAL OR NOT. JUDICIAL REVIEW THE IDEA OF A STATE DECLARING A FEDERAL LAW ILLEGAL. NULLIFICATION THE ORIGINAL RECORDS OF AN EVENT, SUCH AS EYEWITNESS REPORTS, SPEECHES, LETTERS, ETC. PRIMARY SOURCE THIS ADDRESS BY GEORGE WASHINGTON ADVISED THE UNITED STATES TO “STAY NEUTRAL IN RELATION WITH OTHER NATIONS” AND AVOID “ENTANGLING ALLIANCES.” WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS THIS TREATY ENDED THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AND FORCED BRITAIN TO RECOGNIZE THE UNITED STATES AS AN INDEPENDENT NATION. TREATY OF PARIS, 1783 A POLICY FOR ESTABLISHING PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES FOR THE ORDERLY EXPANSION OF THE U.S. BY DESCRIBING HOW A TERRITORY BECAME A NEW STATE. NORTHWEST ORDINANCE THE AGREEMENT, SIGNED BY THE PILGRIMS IN 1620 AT PLYMOUTH, MASSACHUSETTS, TO CONSULT EACH OTHER ABOUT LAWS FOR THE COLONY AND PROMISE TO WORK TOGETHER TO MAKE IT SUCCEED. MAYFLOWER COMPACT A PAMPHLET WRITTEN BY THOMAS PAINE TO CONVINCE THE COLONISTS THAT IT WAS TIME TO BECOME INDEPENDENT FROM ENGLAND. COMMON SENSE THE FIRST TEN AMENDMENTS OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION WHICH DETAIL THE PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES. BILL OF RIGHTS A SHORT SPEECH GIVEN BY ABRAHAM LINCOLN TO DEDICATE A CEMETARY FOR SOLDIERS WHO DIED AT THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. GETTYSBURG ADDRESS ISSUED BY ABRAHAM LINCOLN ON JANUARY 1, 1863, THIS DOCUMENT FREED ALL THE SLAVES IN THE ELEVEN CONFEDERATE STATES. EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION IN THIS ADDRESS, LINCOLN STATED THAT “ NO STATE… CAN LAWFULLY GET OUT OF THE UNION,” BUT PLEDGED NO WAR UNLESS THE SOUTH STARTED IT. LINCOLN’S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS THIS AGREEMENT CREATED TWO HOUSES OF CONGRESS, ONE BASED ON POPULATION AND THE OTHER ON EQUAL REPRESENTATION FOR EACH STATE. THE GREAT COMPROMISE THIS MAN WAS A FOUNDER OF THE SONS OF LIBERTY AND URGED A BOYCOTT TO SUPPORT AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. SAMUEL ADAMS AN INVENTOR, STATESMAN, DIPLOMAT, SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, DELEGATE TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION AND THE AMERICAN AMBASSADOR TO FRANCE DURING THE REVOUTION. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Served in the Continental Army, fought at Saratoga, and became the first AfricanAmerican to serve in Congress WENTWORTH CHESWELL THE KING OF ENGLAND DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. KING GEORGE III AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, THIRD PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES AND PURCHASER OF THE LOUISIANA TERRITORY. THOMAS JEFFERSON African-American spy for the Patriots during the American Revolution. JAMES ARMISTEAD AUTHOR OF COMMON SENSE AND THE CRISIS. THOMAS PAINE THE LEADER OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY DURING THE REVOLUTION WHO LATER BECAME THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. GEORGE WASHINGTON American banker and Patriot. He made loans to the U.S. government and army during the Revolution. HAYM SALOMON Governor of Spanish Louisiana who sent aid to the Patriots during the Revolution. BERNARDO DE GALVEZ THE CHANGE FROM MAKING GOODS BY HAND TO MAKING THEM BY MACHINE. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THIS MEETING WAS HELD FOR THE PURPOSE OF REVISNG THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, BUT INSTEAD IT CREATED A WHOLE NEW PLAN OF GOVERNMENT FOR THE UNITED STATES. PHILADELPHIA CONVENTION OR CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1787 THE LEADER OF THE ORIGINAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY AND A “PRESIDENT OF THE PEOPLE”. HE WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TRAIL OF TEARS AND WAS NICKNAMED “OLD HICKORY”. ANDREW JACKSON A SOUTH CAROLINA CONGRESSMAN AND SENATOR WHO SPOKE FOR THE SOUTH BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR. HE CREATED THE IDEA OF NULLIFICATION. JOHN C. CALHOUN THE POWERFUL KENTUCKY CONGRESSMAN AND SENATOR WHO PROPOSED THE AMERICAN SYSTEM AND THE COMPROMISE OF 1850. NICKNAMED “THE GREAT COMPROMISER”. HENRY CLAY A MASSACHUSETTS CONGRESSMAN AND SENATOR WHO SPOKE FOR THE NORTH AND THE UNION 1830-1850. HE MADE THE FAMOUS “SECOND REPLY TO HAYNE” SPEECH. DANIEL WEBSTER PRESIDENT OF THE CONFEDERACY DURING THE CIVIL WAR. JEFFERSON DAVIS THE GENERAL OF THE UNION ARMY OF THE POTOMAC WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR WINNING THE CIVIL WAR FOR THE NORTH. ULYSSES S. GRANT THE GENERAL OF THE CONFEDERATE ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA, WHO SURRENDERED TO GRANT ON APRIL 9, 1865 AT APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA. ROBERT E. LEE THE SIXTEENTH PRESIDENTOF THE UNITED STATES WHO SUCCESSFULLY PUT THE UNION BACK TOGETHER AND WAS ASSASSINATED FIVE DAYS AFTER THE CIVIL WAR ENDED. ABRAHAM LINCOLN African-American Congressional Medal of Honor winner who took part in the attack on Fort Wagner during the Civil War. SERGEANT WILLIAM CARNEY The first African-American to serve in the U.S. Senate HIRAM RHODES REVELS Hispanic sailor who won the Congressional Medal of Honor and aided the Union victory in the Civil War. PHILLIP BAZAAR LEADER OF THE FEDERALIST PARTY, FIRST TREASURER OF THE UNITED STATES, CREATOR OF THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES, KILLED IN A DUEL WITH VICE-PRESIDENT AARON BURR. ALEXANDER HAMILTON A PASSIONATE VIRGINIA PATRIOT WHO BECAME FAMOUS FOR HIS FIERY SPEECHES FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. HIS MOST FAMOUS ENDED WITH “GIVE ME LIBERTY OR GIVE ME DEATH!” HE WAS LATER A LEADING ANTIFEDERALIST. PATRICK HENRY FOURTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, PRESIDENT DURING THE WAR OF 1812, CALLED “THE FATHER OF THE CONSTITUTION.” JAMES MADISON A FORMER SLAVE WHO WAS THE BEST-KNOWN BLACK ABOLITIONIST, HE PUBLISHED A NEWSPAPER CALLED THE NORTH STAR. FREDERICK DOUGLASS FIFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES DURING THE “ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS”, HE ISSUED THE MONROE DOCTRINE FOREIGN POLICY STATEMENT. JAMES MONROE AN ESCAPED SLAVE WHO BECAME THE MOST FAMOUS “CONDUCTOR” ON THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD AND HELPED OVER 300 SLAVES TO FREEDOM IN THE NORTH. HER NICKNAME WAS “MOSES”. HARRIET TUBMAN WITH HELP FROM SUSAN B. ANTHONY AND LUCRETIA MOTT, SHE ORGANIZED THE SENECA FALLS CONVENTION, CREATING THE FIRST ORGANIZED WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON THIS AMENDMENT GAVE CITIZENSHIP TO ALL FORMER SLAVES. FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT THIS AMENDMENT CONTAINS THE LIST OF THE “FIVE FREEDOMS”. FIRST AMENDMENT THIS AMENDMENT ABOLISHED SLAVERY. THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT THIS IS ANOTHER WORD FOR THE RIGHT TO VOTE SUFFRAGE THIS AMENDMENT GAVE THE RIGHT TO VOTE TO AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES. FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT THE 1803 SUPREME COURT CASE WHICH GAVE THE COURT THE POWER OF JUDICIAL REVIEW. MARBURY v. MADISON THIS 1857 SUPREME COURT DECISION SAID THAT SLAVES WERE PROPERTY AND NOT CITIZENS. DRED SCOTT v. SANDFORD THE INVENTOR OF THE COTTON GIN AND INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS. ELI WHITNEY NAME GIVEN TO ONE WHO SUPPORTED THE AMERICAN CAUSE DURING THE REVOLUTION. PATRIOT NAME GIVEN TO ONE WHO REMAINED LOYAL TO THE KING OF ENGLAND DURING THE AMERICAN REVOUTION. LOYALIST OR TORY INVENTOR OF THE TELEGRAPH AND THE CODE IT USED. SAMUEL F.B. MORSE INVENTOR OF THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL STEAMBOAT, THE CLERMONT, IN 1807. ROBERT FULTON THREE OUT OF EVERY FIVE SLAVES WOULD COUNT FOR BOTH POPULATION AND TAXATION. THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE THIS MEETING, HELD IN SENECA FALLS, NEW YORK, WAS HELD TO DISCUSS WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND CALLED FOR THE RIGHT TO VOTE. SENECA FALLS CONVENTION THIS LAND BUY, MADE FROM FRANCE IN 1803, DOUBLED THE SIZE OF THE UNITED STATES. LOUISIANA PURCHASE THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTY, HEADED BY ALEXANDER HAMILTON AND FAVORING A LOOSE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION. THE FEDERALIST PARTY THE POLITICAL PARTY HEADED BY JEFFERSON AND MADISON WHICH FAVORED A STRICT INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION. DEMOCRATIC- REPUBLICANS A NATION IN WHICH VOTERS CHOOSE REPRESENTATIVES TO GOVERN THEM. REPUBLIC THE MOST FAMOUS WHITE ABOLITIONIST AND PUBLISHER OF HIS NEWSPAPER, THE LIBERATOR. WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON THE SORROWFUL FORCED JOURNEY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS FROM THEIR HOMELANDS IN GEORGIA TO THE OKLAHOMA TERRITORY AS A RESULT OF JACKSON’S INDIAN REMOVAL POLICIES. THE TRAIL OF TEARS THE SUPREME COURT DECISION ALLOWING THE CHEROKEE INDIANS TO STAY ON THEIR HOMELANDS IN GEORGIA, BUT WHICH JACKSON IGNORED AND FORCIBLY REMOVED THEM. WORCESTER v. GEORGIA AUTHOR OF UNCLE TOM’S CABIN HARRIET BEECHER STOWE A series of essays, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, supporting and defending the new Constitution. THE FEDERALIST PAPERS This could be the slogan of the American Revolution. “No taxation without representation!” Drew an imaginary line down the crest of the Appalachian Mountains and forbade the colonists to settle beyond it. PROCLAMATION OF 1763