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RECONSTRUCTION
Chapter 4, Section 3
First Day Survey
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RECONSTRUCT
Vb
 1. to construct or form again; rebuild: to reconstruct a
Greek vase from fragments
 2. to form a picture of (a crime, past event, etc) by
piecing together evidence or acting out a version of
what might have taken place
N
Reconstruction
US history the period after the Civil War when the South
was reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
(1865--77)
AFTERMATH OF WAR

HUMAN TOLL
 North:
364,000
 South: 260,000 (One Fifth of its Adult Men)
 One out of 3 Southern Men were killed or wounded
BATTLEFIELD MED KIT
1 OUT OF 3 MEN
KILLED OR WOUNDED
1 OUT OF 3 MEN
KILLED OR WOUNDED
1 OUT OF 5 WHITE MEN
KILLED IN SOUTH
1 OUT OF 5 WHITE MEN
KILLED IN SOUTH
1 OUT OF 5 WHITE MEN
KILLED IN SOUTH
1 OUT OF 5 WHITE MEN
KILLED IN SOUTH
AFTERMATH OF WAR

HUMAN TOLL
 North:
364,000
 South: 260,000 (One Fifth of its Adult Men)
 One out of 3 Southern Men were killed or wounded

PHYSICAL TOLL
 Two
Thirds of Southern Shipping
 9,000 miles of railroads
 One Third of all livestock
 Value of Southern Farm Property Plunged 70 percent
THE TOLL OF WAR IN THE SOUTH

BLACK SOUTHERNERS:
4 million freed people were on their own
in a region with slow economic recovery
 Many were homeless and hungry


PLANTATION OWNERS
Planters lost slave labor worth $3 Billion
 Abandoned Property Act of 1863
allowed federal government to seize
$100 million in plantations and cotton


POOR WHITE SOUTHERNERS

No work because of competition from
freedmen
Reconstruction

: the plan to rebuild the South
Lincoln’s Plan: “With Malice Towards None”
1. PARDON: an official forgiveness of crime to any
Confederate who would take an oath of allegiance to
the Union and accept the end of slavery
2. Denied pardons to anyone who killed African American
POWs
3. Each state to hold constitutional convention after 10%
of voters in state had sworn allegiance to Union
 No
language of “readmit” to Union: they really never left
The End of Lincoln’s Plan
Johnson’s Plan

Andrew Johnson
Former slave owner in South
 Poor Tailor
 Wife taught him how to
read and write
 Profound hatred of Rich Planters


“Presidential Reconstruction”
1. Pardoned Southerners who pledged allegiance
2. Permitted states to hold constitutional convention WITHOUT
10% allegiance
3. States were required to ratify the 13th Amendment
Lincoln’s Plan v. Presidential Plan

Presidential Plan reflected spirit of Lincoln’s plan
BUT
 Presidential
more lenient
 Although it OFFICIALLY denied pardons to Confederate
Leaders, it issued any to those that asked
WHAT IS THE
TH
13
AMENDMENT?
ABOLISHED SLAVERY!
SOUTHERN REACTION

BLACK CODES:
 Gave
African Americans certain rights, but their intent
was to keep the former slaves in a dependent position,
give planters supply of cheap labor
 Former
slaves had to sign entire year contracts as plantation
workers
 Could not own guns

KU KLUX KLAN
 Formed
to maintain white control in the south
 Terrorized African Americans
CONGRESS TAKES CONTROL

At first most northerners supported Johnson’s
Reconstruction plan


Eager for the war to be behind them
Civil Rights Act of 1866:
Gave African Americans Citizenship and guaranteed them
same legal rights as white American
 Johnson vetoed bill
 Ends moderate Republicans attempts to work with President
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION

Passed 14TH AMENDMENT
 Required
states to grant citizenship to “all persons born
or naturalized in the United States”
 Promised “equal protection of the laws”
 Wrote the Civil Rights Act into the Constitution!
 Radicals
gained enough votes in Congress to take over
Reconstruction
 1867 – 1868 Passed four Reconstruction Acts
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION


Acts divided South into 5 military districts
Three Conditions for Readmission
1.
2.
3.

Ratify the 14th Amendment
Write new state constitutions that guaranteed
freedmen the right to vote
Form new governments to be elected by all male
citizens, including African Americans
Afraid Johnson might use his authority to interfere
with Reconstruction, Congress passed:
TENURE OF OFFICE ACT of 1867





Required Senate’s permission to remove any official
whose appointment it had approved
Set off the final battle between President and
Congress
Johnson thought it unconstitutional, and fired
Secretary of War Edwin Stanton (an ally of the
Republicans) to test it
Johnson Impeached for it!
Senate one vote short for removal.
REPUBLICANS IN CHARGE



To regain support lost during impeachment trials,
Republicans chose war hero Ulysses S. Grant for
presidential candidate
Popular vote was close
Half a million African American
voters gave Grant the victory
To protect African American
Voting rights Republicans quickly
Passed:
th
15
Amendment
It is unconstitutional to deprive
citizens the right to vote based
on “race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.

“Reconstruction Amendments”
th
13
– Abolished Slavery
th
14 – Citizenship
th
15 – Voting Rights
Why do they HAVE to
be in this order?
New Governments in South


Political Power in South shifted during Reconstruction
SCALAWAGS: White southerners who supported
changes
CARPETBAGGERS:
Northerners who came south
to take part in political rebirth

 Name
refers to type
 of suitcase made of carpet fabric
New Governments in the South




Freedmen joined Scalawags and Carpetbaggers in
the new governments
Nearly 700 African Americans served in state
legislatures during Reconstruction
16 were elected to Congress
New Government changes
 Created
region’s first public schools
 Eliminated property requirements for voting and
holding office
 Made it illegal for railroads, hotels, public facilities to
discriminate against African Americans
Responses to Freedom



Owning land was a symbol of freedom
Many landowners unwilling to sell land to former slaves
– it would give them economic freedom
SHARECROPPING -- Freedmen could receive a share of
their employer’s crop instead of wages
Employer provided land, seed, tools, mule, cabin
 Sharecropper provided labor



TENANT FARMING -- farmers rented land from
landowner
Hard for sharecroppers and tenant farmers to get out
of poverty
Reconstruction Ends

Violence plagued the South throughout
Reconstruction
 Ku
Klux Klan and similar groups terrorized African
American leaders, those who tried to vote, public
officials
 Planters, merchants, poor white farmers united to
restore the old political and social order
 POLL TAX: meant to keep Freedmen from voting


Congress passed Enforcement Acts to punish those
preventing qualified citizens from voting
People dismayed that the army was needed to
keep the peace in the South
Why Does Reconstruction End?



The North gets tired of helping
Reconstruction leaders die
New President pulls troops out of South
Reconstruction’s Impact



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14th and 15th Amendments
15th Amendment led way to women’s votes
Consider Sharecropping, Tenant Farming, violence
keeping African Americans from voting, white
leadership regaining control in south etc.
After Reconstruction waned, was the South different
from before the Civil War?
Who really won the Civil War?
Intellectual Devotionals (IDs)
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
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Read the entire ID, including the Additional Facts
Circle words/phrases you don’t know
Underline the main ideas to the subject, or any
information that answers the questions
Write answers, notes, or questions you have in the
margins
Sharecropping ID

1. Ideally, what was sharecropping supposed to
provide the sharecropper and landowner?
2. Realistically, what was wrong with
sharecropping?
3. Why did sharecropping end?

4. How did Sharecropping negatively affect the


South outside of its population