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CHAPTER 12
The Politics of Reconstruction
Section 1
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Reconstruction
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Lincoln favored lenient reconstruction
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Wanted South's return as soon as possible
10-Percent Plan
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Pardon all Confederates except high ranking officials &
those accused of crimes against prisoners of war
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10 percent of voters had to swear to be loyal to the union
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The state then could be admitted into the Union
Reconstruction Cont.
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Lincoln's plan angered many people --> Radical
Republicans
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Wade-Davis Bill
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Said congress was responsible for Reconstruction
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Lincoln pocket vetos the bill making congress angry
Johnson's Plan
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Remaining Confederate states could become part of the
Union if:
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swear allegiance to the Union
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Pay Confederate war debts
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Ratify the 13th amendment
Johnson wished to keep wealthy southerners from taking the
oath
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Angered most radicals (Failed to help slaved with voting
rights)
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Relieved most Southerners
Johnson Cont.
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All states agree to the terms (form the most part)
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Johnson pardons all
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58 sat in Confederate Congress
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6 Served in Confederate Cabinet
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4 Fought as Confederate Generals
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All served in New U.S. Congress
Standstill of Reconstruction
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Congress refuses to admit newly elected Southern
legislators
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Freedmen's Bureau
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Assist former slaves and poor whites in the South
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Set up more than 40 hospitals and 4,000 Schools
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61 Industrial institutes and 74 teacher trainer
centers
Civil Rights act of 1866
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Gave African Americans citizenship
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forbade states from passing "Black Codes"
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Johnson vetoes Both
Moderates and Radicals
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Fourteenth Amendment
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"All persons born or naturalized in the United
States"
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Equal protection of the law
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Could not be deprived of person of live, liberty, or
property
Johnson Impeached
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Felt Johnson was not carrying out his constitutional
obligations
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Congress Passes Tenure of Office Act
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President could not remove cabinet officers during
the presidential term
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Johnson wanted to test it so he fires Secretary of
War
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Congress Impeaches Johnson - Impeachment is
one vote short
Election
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U.S. Grant was elected
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15th Amendment
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No one can be kept from voting based on "race,
color, or previous condition of servitude"
Reconstruction Society
Section 2
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Conditions
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Civil War took place mostly in the South
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Sherman Alone - 100 million worth of damage
Southern States had large projects rebuilding
Public Works Programs
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Built roads, bridges, railroads, orphanages, public
school systems
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South had to increase taxes slowing the regions
recovery
Voters
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9 out of 10 times African Americans supported the
Republican party
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White Southerners had a problem accepting African
Americans
Challenges
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African American Freedoms
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Ex-Slaves had a problem adjusting to the freedom
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Became eager to move away from plantation life
Families
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African Americans went to extreme lengths to find
family members
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Freedman's bureau began helping find lost families
Education
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80% of African Americans were illiterate
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Schools were set up all over to educate free slaves
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Southerners were angry at this fact and used
violence
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By 1877 600,000 African Americans were enrolled
in elementary schools
Politics
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For the first time African Americans held offices in
local, state, and federal governments
Sharecropping
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African Americans did not have their own land
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This forced many slaves to sign contracts with
planters
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Worker would receive a few acres, seed & tools
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At the end of the season the worker would give the
planter a portion of their crops
The Collapse of Reconstruction
Section 3
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Ku Klux Klan
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Social club for Confederate veterans
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Became violent and main goal was to restore white
supremacy
Economic Pressure
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KKK would either destroy property or would not do
business with them
Problems
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Grant
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No political experience
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Often selected friends into appointments
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Often had scandals
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This causes the republicans to become split
Election of 1876
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Rutherford B. Hayes Vs. Samuel J. Tilden
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First time someone lost the popular but won the
electoral