Download Chapter 2.3: Carbon Compounds

Notes: Chapter 2.3
Carbon Compounds
Chemistry of Carbon
1. Carbon can form four covalent bonds.
(tetravalence)
2. Carbon can bond with other carbon
atoms, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus and sulfur.
6 protons
6 neutrons
6 electrons
first shell- 2
second shell- 4
2.3
Carbon-Based Molecules
TEKS 9A
Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
• Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms,
including other carbon atoms.
• Carbon-based molecules have three general types of
structures.
– straight chain
– branched chain
– ring
Single Bond
• A single bond is signified by a solid line
between symbols; shares 2 electrons
Double Bond
• A double bond is signified by two solid
lines between symbols; shares 4 electrons
Triple Bond
• A triple bond is signified by three solid
lines between symbols; shares 6 electrons
Macromolecules
1. Macromolecules are
“Giant molecules”
2. Consist of monomers
(smaller units) that
join together to form
polymers (large
molecules of
repeating units –
monomers- bonded
together by covalent
bonds.
Macromolecules
•
The process of
bonding
monomers
together is called
polymerization
Dehydration Reaction
•
Monomers are connected by a reaction in
which 2 molecules are covalently bonded
together through the loss of a water molecule.
Hydrolysis
•
Breaking the covalent bond within the
polymer to break off a monomer involves
the breaking a water molecule and
inserting its pieces.
Types of macromolecules
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
2.3
Carbon-Based Molecules
TEKS 9A
• Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small
subunits bonded together.
– Monomers are the individual subunits.
– Polymers are made of many monomers.
Carbohydrates
1. Composition: made of C, H and O atoms,
usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
2. Monomer- monosaccharide
3. Polymer – polysaccharide
4. Uses: Main source of energy for
organisms, structural purpose in cell
membrane, and exoskeleton of insects.
Carbohydrates
4. Examples
a. Sugars (Saccharides)
1. Monosaccharide = simple sugar molecule
2. Disaccharide = two monosaccharides bonded
together with a glycosidic linkage
Carbohydrates
b. Starches: Complex carbohydrates
(polysaccharides) that store extra sugar
1. In animals, starch is called glycogen, structural
is called chitin
o Chitin is used by arthropods to build their
exoskeletons.
Carbohydrates
2. In plants, “plant starch”, structural is called
cellulose
o Cellulose makes up the cell wall of plant cells.
o Humans cannot breakdown cellulose during digestion.
o Known as “insoluble fiber”
Lipids
1.Composition: C, H, O. More C and H and a
few O
2. Subunits: glycerol (“head”) and fatty acids
(long carbon chain that makes up the “tail”)
Glycerol
Fatty Acid
Lipids
3. Not soluble in water – non-polar
4. Function: energy storage, main part of cell
membrane, hormones, cushions vital organs and
insulates the body
5. Examples: fats (3 fatty acid chains),
phosopholipids (2 fatty acid chains), oils, waxes,
steroids (hormones), cholesterol
2.3
Carbon-Based Molecules
• Lipids have several different functions.
– broken down as a source of energy
– make up cell membranes
– used to make hormones
TEKS 9A
Lipids
6. Types of fatty acids:
a. Unsaturated fatty acids are found in
lipids that are liquid at room temperature,
C=C bonds
•
•
The double bond creates a kink in the tails that
keeps them from packing closely together.
Example: Olive oil
Double bond
Lipids
b. Saturated fatty acids are found in lipids
that are solids at room temperature, no C=C
bonds
•
Example: Shortening, butter
Types of Lipids
Saturated = only single bonds, maximum number of H atoms
Unsaturated = at least on C = C double bond
lipid
lipid
Proteins
1. Composition: C, H, O, N
2. Function:
1. Structure
2. Storage
3. transport of other
substances
4. movement
5. Immunity
6. Regulate Metabolism
7. Catalyze reactions (make
them happen)
Proteins
a) Made of monomers called amino acids that
are linked together to form a chain
•
•
20 different types of amino acids
All have the same general structure
Draw this
in your
notes!
Carboxyl Group
Label!!
2.3
Carbon-Based Molecules
TEKS 9A
• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
– Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins
in organisms.
– Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
– Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
Some Amino Acids…
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
4 Levels of Structure
Primary
a. Unique sequence of amino acids linked
together to form a polypeptide chain
– Changing the order of even 1 A.A. changes
the shape and ability to function.
Secondary
b. α- helix OR β- pleated sheet
•
Repeatedly coiled or folded portions of the
polypeptide chain as a result of hydrogen
bonding at regular intervals along the
backbone.
Tertiary
c. 3D structure, interactions along different
parts of the amino acid chain
– This creates regions (hydrophobic,
hydrophilic, etc) within the protein.
Quarternary
• Occurs when a protein consists of 2 or
more polypeptide chains.
2.3
Carbon-Based Molecules
TEKS 9A
• Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
– Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
Hemoglobin
hydrogen bond
– Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure
and function.
Nucleic Acids
1. Composition: C, H, O, N, P
2. Function: Store and transmit
genetic information by
determining the amino acid
sequence in proteins
3. Two types
a. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
b. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Nucleotide
4. Made of monomers called nucleotides.
A nucleotide has three parts
a. 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
b. Phosphate group
c. Nitrogenous base
(A, T, G, or C)
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
which contain
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen