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UNIT 13 Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns Famous Faces and Places History 101 Okay, who let’s start studying for our a She’s scientist whose Oh, She IShe’s know. discovered the a woman element of Wow. GoodI’llanswers. Okay, next history exam. ask a question, and discoveries have greatly affected What did she discover? radium, won the which Nobel isPrize usedin inquestion. 1903. X-rays. Who was Gandhi? Who is Marie Curie? you tell me the answer. the medical field. Adjective Clauses 1 Use adjective clauses to identify or give additional information about nouns (people, places, or things). Hewas lived in the state of Gujarat, Gandhi a man who worked for peace. which is in Western India. clause The clause The which is in who worked for peace Western India gives identifies the man we are talking additional information about Gujarat. about. Adjective Clauses 2 Adjective clauses can also identify or describe indefinite pronouns such as one, someone, somebody, something, another, and other(s). George Washington Carver someone is someone who was a famous botanist. The adjective clause directly follows the noun (or pronoun) it is identifying. Adjective Clause 3 Sentences with adjective clauses can be seen as a combination of two sentences. Florence Nightingale was a nurse. Beethoven was a composer. + + = = She developed His music is still enjoyed by many modern people. healthcare methods. Beethoven was aFlorence composer Nightingale whose was a nurse who music is still enjoyed developed by many modern people. healthcare methods. Relative Pronouns 1 Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns. Subject relative pronouns can be who, that, which, and whose. Use whose refer to Abraham ThetoMona Lincoln Lisa iswas a painting an American which people’s president ispossessions. knownwho who throughout fought against the world. slavery. OR whose inventions Thomas Edison, whose inventions Abraham The Mona Lisa iswas a painting an American that changed the world, was born in Lincoln 1847. president is knownthat that throughout fought against the world. slavery. That is or less formal than Use Use who which that or that to to refer to who which used referand toplaces people. orand things. more in conversation. Be Careful! Do not use a subject pronoun (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) and a subject relative pronoun in the same adjective clause. William Shakespeare is an Englishman who he wrote many well-known plays. William Shakespeare is an Englishman who wrote many well-known plays. Practice 1 Combine the groups of sentences into one sentence with an adjective clause. Use the appropriate relative pronouns. Example: a) Albert Example: AlbertEinstein Einsteinwas wasaaphysicist. physicist who/that the Nobel PrizePrize in Physics in 1921. b)won He won the Nobel in Physics in 1921. 1.Ang a) Ang San Su KyiaisBurmese a Burmese peace activist in Myanmar. San Su Kyi isAlbert peace activist in Myanmar Einstein was a physicist who won which is a country located inPrize Southeast Asia.inAsia. Nobel in Southeast Physics 1921. b) Myanmar is a the country located in OR 2.Diego a) Diego Rivera was a Mexican painter. Rivera was a Mexican painter whose work is Albert Einstein a physicist that won displayed in many famous b) His work is displayed in museums. many was famous museums. the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. 3. a) Mother Teresa was a Catholic nun. Mother Teresa was a Catholic nun who/that devoted her life the poor. her life to the poor. b) to She devoted Practice 2 • Kate Winslet is a beautiful actress who/that acted in Titanic. • Bruno Mars is an American pop singer who became famous with his hit “Just the Way You Are.” • Jacki Chan is an actor who has acted in many action movies. • Leo Messi is a soccer player who is the best in the world. • Leonardo DiCaprio is an actor whose movies like Titanic are very famous. • Gandhi is an Indian leader whose goal was peace. • Barack Obama is a man who is the president of the USA. • Shakira is a famous singer who is from Colombia. • Prince William is a famous prince who is the father of Prince George. • Harry Potter is a famous wizard who defeats the darkness. • Adele is a singer who sang “Skyfall” in the James Bond movie. Relative Pronouns 2 Relative pronouns have the same form whether they refer to singular or plural nouns, or to males or females. Ferdinand Magellan was the man who led the first expedition to sail around the world. Amelia Earhart was the woman who was the first female pilot to fly across the Atlantic. Pioneers are people who do things others think impossible. Verbs in Adjective Clauses The verb in the adjective clause is singular if the subject relative pronoun refers to a singular noun. It is plural if it refers to a plural noun. singular verb Copernicus was an astronomer who is known for his theory that the world is round. Plato and Aristotle are ancient Greek men who are known for philosophies. plural verb Be Careful! When whose + noun is the subject of an adjective clause, the verb agrees with the subject of the adjective clause. Jane Austen was an English novelist whose novels is read by many students. Jane Austen was an English novelist whose novels are read by many students. subject Two Kinds of Adjective Clauses There are two kinds of adjective clauses, identifying and nonidentifying. The adjective clause The books which are on identifies which books the thesentence table belong to me. talks about. The adjective clause is not The books, which are on necessary to identify which thebooks table, belong toto. me. are referred Commas A nonidentifying adjective clause is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. Do not use commas with an identifying adjective clause. The map, which is on Nonidentifying Adjective the table, is new. Clause Identifying The map which is on the tableAdjective is new. Clause Be Careful! Do not use that to introduce nonidentifying adjective clauses. Use who for people and which for places and things. Athens, that is the birthplace Marie Curie, that won the Nobel Prize, of the Olympics, is in discovered Greece. radium. Athens, which is theMarie birthplace Curie, who won the Nobel Prize, of the Olympics, is in Greece. radium. discovered Practice 2 Example: Find and correct the errors in the adjective clauses of the sentences. Discuss your answers with a partner. Italy, which that is is the birthplace ofof opera, is is aa the birthplace opera, fascinating country. 1. Louis Armstrong was a famous American musician who he made jazz popular. recentlybecome becomewellwell2. Frida Kahlo, whose paintings have has recently known, was a Mexican painter. SouthAfrica, Africa,fought foughtagainst against 3. Nelson Mandela, who lives live ininSouth apartheid. 4. Chinua Achebe is a Nigerian author which writes novels who writes novels about village life. 5. Valentina Tereshkova ,who was the first woman to travel into space, is Russian. Identifying and Non-Identifying clauses • ID -Usually describes general noun -Gives Necessary information to show which one; we need info to identify - No commas Non-ID -Usually describes unique noun -Extra information is included; not needed to identify -Uses commas -- No “that” Identifying and Non identifying clauses What’s the difference? • I have a lot of good friends. My friend who lives in Chicago visits me often. (It is necessary to identify which friend) • I have a lot of good friends. My best friend, who lives in Chicago, visits me often. ( The friend has been identified as best friend and the rest of the information is additional) • My sister, who lives in Seattle, is an introvert. (I have only one sister. She’s an introvert.) • My sister who lives in Seattle is an introvert. (I have three sisters. This one is an introvert.)