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Early Music Medieval and Renaissance Some basic concepts • Sacred vs. secular – Sacred – music written for religious purposes or with religious themes – Secular – music of a more worldly nature • Vocal vs. instrumental – Vocal – uses one or more voices; with or without accompanying instruments – Instrumental – uses only instruments; no voices Medieval • Also called the Dark Ages – Dark Ages philosophy – People are sinful – Deserve to lead miserable lives Medieval culture and society • Feudal system was prominent – Rich land owners (powerful lords & land owners) – Poor peasants (no power) • Church (Catholic) was dominant Sacred Medieval Music • Mass was main form of music – Both worship and composed in general – Sung in Latin • Divided into two parts – Proper – lyrics changed with the theme – Ordinary – lyrics remained the same • 5 parts of the ordinary mass – – – – – Gloria Credo Sanctus Kyrie Agnus dei – The lyrics of these sections have been lifted and used in more secular settings • Gregorian chant – – – – Named after Pope Gregory Vocal only – no instruments Sung in Latin Monophonic texture • Everyone plays or sings the same single melody line with no accompaniment – No set meter – follow rhythm of the text • Text painting • Internet Extra Credit Secular Medieval Music • Mostly vocal – little instrumental • Minstrels / troubadors – love songs • Motets – More complicated – Polyphonic texture • Different parts sung at the same time • Early experiments • Beginnings of harmony • Medieval music summary – More sacred than secular – More vocal than instrumental Renaissance • 1450 – 1600 (approximately) • Great discovery, rebirth, & rethinking • Began shift to secular outlook on life – Focus on life on earth, rather than the afterlife • Culture and society – England and Italy were centers of culture – Humanism • New philosophy (we’re not so bad) – Arts and sciences flourished • Leonardo di Vinci – Artist and scientist • Michelangelo • Explorations pushed the envelope of thinking and discovery – Christopher Columbus – Vasco de Gamma – Magellan • Middle class emerges – Merchants – Trade from far off lands (explorers) • Printing press invented – First music published in 1501 in Venice – Made music more available to middle class • Reformation – Martin Luther – Broke away from Catholic church • Start of Protestant denominations – Services in native language – Simple congregational hymn or chorale • Sung in native language – Set off Counter-Reformation • Reactions of Catholic church • Allowed instruments in worship Sacred Renaissance Music • Reformation brought simple hymns – Chorale • Counter-Reformation allowed instruments – Gabrielli – brass – Antiphony – early “stereo” • Mass was still important – Palestrina important composer Renaissance Secular Music • New forms for songs / compositions • Vocal madrigal – Lively, often bawdy – Monteverdi, Morely (3 M’s) • Ballett – English composition – “fa-la-la-la-la” • Important part of everyday life • Middle class entertained with music – Competed for largest group of musicians – Printed music now available – Guests and host would sing or play after meals (consorts) • Beginnings of patronage system – – – – System by which musicians could earn a living Composers, singers, instrumentalists Could not work independently Employed by the church, royalty, or wealthy family (this will last for many, many years to come) • Instrumental music began to grow – Consorts – groups of instruments built in different sizes but were really the same instrument – Viols and recorders – Dance music Galliard – lively, quick Pavane – slow and stately Music Summary • Wide use of 4-part polyphony – Polyphonic texture Different melodies at the same time • Increase in secular – still more sacred • Increase in instrumental – still more vocal – Compared to Medieval