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Love and War Music: “Imagine” David Archuleta “Happy Endings” MIKA “It hurts to wait with love… when love is somewhere else” Today’s Agenda • • • • • • 1. Prejudice – a) Roots of prejudice – b) Roots of Terrorism – c) How it can be overcome 2. Altruism – Who will help when? 3. Attraction – Who do we like?/ Mate selection 4. Love – a) Sternberg: Intimacy, passion and commitment • The seven flavors of love – b) Love as attachment 5. Physical Attractiveness and Person Perception 6. Info. on Final Exam: Stick around! 1. a) Roots of Prejudice • “US” vs “THEM” – Ingroup/outgroup distinction based on a variety of factors – If we were to wake up some morning and find that everyone was the same race, creed and color, we would find some other cause for prejudice by noon. George Aiken • Ethnocentrism: – universal tendency to view one’s ingroup as better than outgroups (see p. 700) – Human madness at its most destructive • By the end of the 20th century, 100 million people died a violent death at the hand of their fellow humans • Humanity’s genocides, & long history of violence and cruelty against perceived “enemies” • 3 components to prejudicial attitudes (p. 698) – 1) Stereotypes (beliefs) • inaccurate perception of outgroup as sharing the same characteristics – 2) Emotions: e.g. hostility – 3) Predisposition to action: e.g. discrimination Fig. 16.21, p. 698 1. Prejudice (cont’d) • • • Prejudice: Def’n • Unjustifiable and negative attitude towards a group Emotional roots of prejudice – Scapegoating: • Outgroups provide outlet for anger – Serves self-esteem needs • I.e. Prejudice helps maintain a positive self-image Cognitive roots of prejudice: – Categorization allow us to simplify our world • Distorts the reality that members of other groups are very heterogeneous • – The “just-world” phenomenon: We assume we get what we deserve! How prejudiced are people today? – On the surface, attitudes about other races and gender have become more egalitarian – More subtle tests reveal that prejudices persist to this day • Up to 10% of population more extremist 1. Prejudice (cont’d) • The prejudiced personality: – Authoritarian personality: • Attitudes and values marked by rigidity, and oversimplification – i.e. Absolute right vs. absolute wrong – Intolerant of differences – Thinks in stereotyped ways about minorities • Concerned with power and authority – Excessive conformity • Punitive childhood • Observational Learning: – Responsible for the transmission of prejudices across generations • i.e. exposure to parental prejudicial attitudes can lead to prejudicial attitudes in children 1. b) Roots of Terrorism • Definition: – Politically motivated violence – Intended to instil feelings of terror and helplessness in a population in order to influence decision-making • Complex roots – Avoid simplistic explanations (e.g. the attribution error) • Political factors: – Absence of democracy and the inability of individual members to influence decision-making • Religion: – Need for a death-transcending belief system • Can become a source of identity – Will protect that system at all costs • Threat of different belief systems • Take your own life: – For the promise of salvation and a better future for the group 1. B) Roots of Terrorism (cont’d) • Economic and Social Deprivation: – Inherent position of weakness: political, economic, military – Subjective perception of injustice and deprivation – Politically motivated violence when there are no military means • Personal factors: – Deep resentment of authority/blaming “outgroup” – Engagement with a terrorist organization: • Recruitment/Adoption of terrorist goals/Ends justify the means • Training: – Break down of inhibitions – Pressured to conform leading to violent acts – Can’t exit alive What could help overcome prejudice? – 1) Increase cooperative contacts between member of rival groups • Develop friendships with individuals of different backgrounds – 2) Heal thyself! • Address feelings of insecurity and low self-esteem • Know thyself – Identify your own prejudices and examine critically – 3) Societal level: • Address poverty & inequity • Allow democracies to flourish 2. Altruism • Unselfish regard for others’ welfare • Bystander Apathy: – Case of Kitty Genovese – Failure to help is related to the number of people present / Diffusion of responsibility • Who will help whom? Factors that influence helping: – – – – Low cost and “you know what to do” Setting (city vs rural) Victim & current state Good parental models/ or religious and humanitarian convictions 3. Attraction • What factors lead to friendship and romance? – Proximity: How close someone lives to you • Familiarity breeds fondness – Physical Attractiveness: • Important influence on first impressions • “Halo effect”: What is beautiful is good – Similarity: • Friends and couples more likely to share common attitudes, beliefs, interests, and to be similar in age, race, education, intelligence, and economic status. • Choice of Mate: – Social exchange model: exchange of assets – Evolutionary model: sex differences in preferences 4. Love • A) Sternberg’s Theory: • 3 Ingredients – Intimacy: • sharing, communication, support – Passion: • chemistry, arousal, intensity – Commitment: • long-term plans, dedication to the relationship – The presence or absence of these ingredients will determine the type of love that exists between 2 people, leading to: • 7 flavors of love (see next overhead) 4. B) Love as Attachment p. 677 5. Effects of Physical Appearance on Person Perception • Halo Effect: – Good-looking people • seen as more sociable, friendly, poised, warm and well adjusted than those who are less attractive (p. 665) – What is beautiful is good • Present in young kids (3-6 years) – No evidence for a relationship between personality traits and appearance • Instilled by the media? – What is beautiful is competent • Good looking individuals also expected to be more successful • Some evidence for good-looking people to secure better jobs • Self-fulfilling prophecy? • Seems grossly unfair – Looks are not “earned” they are inherited! – Great example of contradictory evidence • Snippet of “British Idol” show http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lp0IWv8QZY&feature=related 5. Course Evaluation: – Your feedback is important!! – http://courseevaluations.yorku.ca – PSYC 1010 6.0H Prof. Myriam Mongrain • Final exam: – This Sunday, May 24 at 7 p.m. • Tait Mackenzie Student Field Houses – (3 hrs) : 74 multiple choice; 5 short answers – Content: • Lectures since last midterm: Non-cumulative • Chapters 14, 15, 16 from text – *** Bring photo ID ***: • Current York ID & AND photo-bearing ID