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Slide # 1 Which of the Following Is an Example of a Group? Cheerleaders at a school A high school football team People lined up to vote Women at a baby shower Pedestrians at a crosswalk Slide # 2 Cheerleaders at a School Slide # 3 Football Team Slide # 4 People Lined Up to Vote Slide # 5 Women at a Baby Shower Slide # 6 Pedestrians in a Crosswalk Slide # 7 Primary Groups Families, couples in love, street gangs, social clubs Relationships that are face-to-face and personal Slide # 8 Four Features of a Primary Group Continuous, face-toface interaction Strong ties Multifaceted Enduring Slide # 9 Secondary Groups Organized around specific, impersonal goals Not as much interaction as in primary groups School classes, political parties, sports teams Slide # 10 Secondary Group Characteristics Limited face-to-face interaction Modest or weak personal identity with the group Weak ties of affection Limited/shallow relations Not very enduring Slide # 11 Why Join a Group ? To satisfy the need to belong To compare experiences To use group standards to evaluate ourselves For companionship To lessen anxiety and provide comfort Group accomplishments Slide # 12 A Case Study How many of the reasons for joining a group exist for the cheerleaders at San Luis Obispo Senior High School in California? Slide # 13 Satisfy Our Need to Belong “I joined the group so that we can entertain the students. I enjoy belonging to this group.” Slide # 14 Allows Us to Accomplish Things We Could Not Do Alone “Yes, we all work together and are able to impress the people we perform for.” Slide # 15 Use Group Standards for Evaluation “Yes, definitely, to see how others are like me.” Slide # 16 Companionship “We are like a family, a good team. I have a great deal of friends on the cheer and dance team and I made a lot of new friends. It’s a big plus when you get along with everyone.” Slide # 17 Comparing Ourselves To Others “I had been dancing and performing my whole life and I wanted to see where I stood in a performing group.” Slide # 18 Peer Groups A group of friends or associates of about the same age and social position Form cliques, clubs, gangs Slide # 19 Reference Groups A group that serves as a standard for evaluating one’s achievement, behavior, or values Slide # 20 Group Dynamics The impact of group size The dyad, or twoperson group The triad Multiples (division of labor) Slide # 21 The Triad Slide # 22 Leadership Groups need leaders for two reasons 1. To direct tasks 2. Maintain good spirits Groupthink Slide # 23 Groupthink Emphasizes group decisions in large organizations People working together will make better decisions than an individual Slide # 24 When Does Groupthink Occur? When group members are unable to evaluate other available options Inability to comprehend negative consequences Slide # 25 Conditions for Groupthink The group is isolated from the outside There are time limits Not having an impartial leader Slide # 26 Examples of Groupthink Pearl Harbor and FDR JFK’S invasion of Cuba Nixon’s Watergate fiasco Waco, Texas standoff Slide # 27 Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941 U.S. leaders decide not to take special measures to defend Pearl Harbor, making it an easy target for the Japanese “A date which will live in infamy” Slide # 28 The Bay of Pigs Invasion An inheritance from Ike The invasion plan JFK’s response Slide # 29 Watergate: June 1972 Bungled burglary CREEP 29 people indicted or arrested Slide # 30 “I Am Not a Crook” Slide # 31 Waco, Texas: 1993 Standoff between federal agents and David Koresh The Attorney General had waited long enough Slide # 32 In-groups A group with which a person identifies and feels that he or she belongs A “greedy group” Slide # 33 Characteristics of In-groups 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Sacrifice Investment Renunciation Communication Mortification Transcendence Slide # 34 Out-groups A group with which a person does not identify and does not feel that he or she belongs to Slide # 35 Gangs Slide # 36 Types Of Gangs Social gangs Delinquent gangs Violent gangs Slide # 37 Gang Locations L.A. is the gang capital of America Chicago, Seattle, Kansas City Importance of drugs Slide # 38 Public Housing Projects A breeding ground for gangs Family structure “Trophies” / “graveyards” Slide # 39 Ethnic/Gender Breakdowns In the 1950s, gang members tended to be white males Today four-fifths of gang members are African-American or Latino Women have now entered the ranks as well Slide # 40 History of Gangs Born out of the chaos of inner city life (“Zoot Suit riots”) Gangs offer ultimate control Black gangs arose after the Watts riots in 1965 Slide # 41 Gang Divisions Gang divisions are called “sets” There are variations even within each set Gangs and colors Slide # 42 Hand Symbols Hand signals are used as defiant gestures toward other gangs Each gang has their own hand signals Slide # 43 Gangbanging Los Vatos Locos/Latino gang of the 1970s Drugs of the 70’s/PCP Slide # 44 Going “Loc” The Boo-Yah Tribe Sawed-off shotguns New drugs: speed, crack-laced joints Slide # 45 Levels of Membership Slide # 46 Why Join a Gang? Power Identity A surrogate family Security Slide # 47 Women in Gangs Makeup The raccoon look Tattoos Clothes Pregnancy Slide # 48 Gang Members in Prison When someone goes to prison in California, they get put into a “car” A gang member’s “ride” in prison Slide # 49 Self-Help Groups Slide # 50 Causes Vary Phobias, drunk driving, child rearing, addictions, cancer, hyperactivity, hospice Slide # 51 Ryan Slide # 52 Why Do People Join Support Groups? People have abandoned primary groups People find substitutes to fill needs Those who learn to cope often turn around and help new members Slide # 53 What Purposes Do Support Groups Serve? They provide moral support from people in similar situations They offer empathy and understanding They give people the opportunity to become members of an in-group Slide # 54 The Networking Effect Members exchange numbers and communicate No professional charges, but no professional help 24-hour service and information Slide # 55 Attitudes Slide # 56 Definition of “Attitude” A predisposition to respond in a particular way 3 main elements 1. A belief or opinion 2. A feeling about something 3. A tendency to act toward something in a particular way Slide # 57 Cognitive Sources Factual information Cognitive dissonance Inoculation effect Slide # 58 Emotional Sources Strong feelings without knowing why Classical conditioning Subliminal techniques Slide # 59 A Subliminal Example 1971 ad in Time magazine Cost: $75,000 24.2 million readers Free associate (What do you see?) Slide # 60 Subliminal Example # 2 Slide # 61 Objects Have Gender A sphere or oval is feminine, a cube is masculine A flower is feminine, a tree is masculine A cat is feminine, a dog is masculine Slide # 62 The Importance of Color Red excites Yellow promotes well-being Green soothes Dark colors add weight Light colors suggest lightness Slide # 63 Size of an Object Close-ups = larger than life, sense of urgency, used to sell necessary products Far away = luxury items, removes the sense of urgency and replaces it with a feeling of extravagance Slide # 64 Social Sources Culture Reference groups as a standard for evaluation Slide # 65 Behavioral Sources Behavior itself can cause attitudes to change Slide # 66 How Are Attitudes Measured? Psychologists use many different techniques to measure attitudes Slide # 67 Public Opinion Polls Selecting a representative sample is crucial Important to avoid biases Slide # 68 Attitude Scales Likert Scale 1. Strongly agree 2. Agree 3. Undecided 4. Disagree 5. Strongly disagree Slide # 69 Semantic Differential Good/bad Happy/sad Beautiful/ugly Wise/foolish Funny/humorless Slide # 70 Unobtrusive Methods Milgram/lost letter Slide # 71 How Are Attitudes Changed? People are always trying to change your attitude Slide # 72 Conformity Asch conformity study, 1950 People will usually conform to other people’s ideas even when they disagree with those ideas Slide # 73 Asch’s Experiment Which line segment, is closest in length to the sample line: a, b, or c? Slide # 74 Scare Tactics Smoking/lung cancer Driver training and highway patrol films Scared Straight Slide # 75 Obedience to Authority Stanley Milgram The psychologist as experimenter Slide # 76 Military Basic Training Boot camp Ten weeks of indoctrination “In your face” attitude change From civilian to soldier Slide # 77 Who Were Milgram’s Subjects? In all but one version of the experiment, the subjects were males 40%=skilled and unskilled 40%=white collar (sales and business) 20%=professionals Slide # 78 The Set-Up Slide # 79 Making Mistakes After 75 volts are administered for a mistake, the learner moans At 90 volts, the learner cries out in pain After 180 volts, the learner screams, saying he cannot stand the pain, and then begins to bang on the wall Slide # 80 39 Psychiatrists Surveyed Believed That… Most subjects would stop at 150 volts Only 4% would go as high as 300 volts One in 1000 would go to 450 volts Slide # 81 5 Versions of the Experiment First version: all men, 65% went all the way (450 volts) Experimenter absent: 20.5% Women: 65% Experimenter chooses shock level: 2.5% High school students: 85% Slide # 82 Why Do People Obey? American society places a high value on obedience to people in positions of authority Slide # 83 Military Pilots Slide # 84 Prestige And Credibility Volunteers were influenced by their role as a subject in an experiment Done by a professor at Yale university Slide # 85 Not Everyone Is Equally Obedient Sadistic or obedient? Personality variables Life experiences Slide # 86 Nuremberg War Crimes Trial The tribunal did not intend to punish all Germans, only the ringleaders 22 Nazi leaders were indicted Slide # 87 My Lai, Vietnam: 1968 300–400 victims, mostly women and children Company C lands on the LZ outside the village Capt. Medina, Lt. Calley in charge Slide # 88 Civil Disobedience RY S BU KING Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott Slide # 89 Aggression Slide # 90 Violent Crimes 1.5 million violent crimes are committed in the U.S. each year, including 90,000 rapes and 20,000 murders 3 ½ times more likely to be murdered by a relative Slide # 91 Why Are We Aggressive? Thanatos—Freud’s death instinct View of evolutionary psychologists Hereditary aggression Slide # 92 The Brain and Aggression Amygdala Hypothalamus Prefrontal cortex Slide # 93 Hormones and Aggression Testosterone, a primary male hormone Alcohol and other drugs Slide # 94 Learning and Aggression People learn aggression by watching and imitating others People become more aggressive if rewarded Frustration Slide # 95 Pornography Connection Slide # 96 Altruism/Unselfishness Concern for Another’s Welfare Slide # 97 The Cost–Reward Theory People find the sight of another person being victimized as anxiety-provoking; helping relieves this anxiety Diffusion of responsibility Slide # 98 Empathy-Altruism Theory People are more likely to act altruistically—even when the cost of helping is high—if they feel empathy toward the person in need Slide # 99 Evolutionary Theory “Survival of the fittest”: A person will risk their life for someone else because if they survive, it increases the likelihood that their traits will endure through generations Slide # 100 The Rise of Cults Slide # 101 Death Cults Charles Manson’s “family” Rev. Jim Jones: People’s Temple, Jonestown, New Guyana David Koresh: Branch Davidian cult Marshall Applewhite: Heaven’s Gate cult Slide # 102 Conversion Model Tension or strain (job failure, marital breakup) Religiously-oriented problem-solving perspective Open to a new religious outlook Be at a turning point in life Slide # 103 Situational Factors Need to possess a close personal tie with one or more cult member Ties with people on the outside must be neutralized/nonexistent Intensive, daily interaction with cult members Slide # 104 Tactics of Cult Leaders Brainwashing/mind control Isolation Sleep deprivation, protein-deficient diet Exotic rituals Slide # 105 Qualities of Cult Leaders Charismatic personalities Apocalyptic world view Interest in the Bible Prophet status among their followers Slide # 106 An Early Cult Definition of a cult: a religious organization that is largely outside of society’s cultural traditions and norms Ghost Dance: 1870s Slide # 107 Jonestown 1979 Early years The People’s Temple in San Francisco Life in Jonestown, Guyana The Leo Ryan investigation Slide # 108 Vernon Howell, A.K.A. David Koresh Offshoot of Seventh Day Adventists Early years Waco and the Branch Davidians Slide # 109 The Davidian Ruler Dietary controls Apocalyptic world view Polygamy The Star of David Slide # 110 The Final Assault Initial ATF raid 51-day standoff Psychological warfare Send in the tanks and the riot gas Slide # 111 Heaven’s Gate Largest suicide on U.S. soil Early years/rituals “Set thine house in order: for thou shalt die, and not live” (Isaiah) Slide # 112 Are Cult Members Brainwashed? Brainwashing Techniques 1. Total control and uncertainty 2. Isolation and torture 3. Physical weakening and personal humiliation Slide # 113 Attitude and Prejudice Prejudice is a preconceived notion toward a person or a group Prejudice is strengthened by stereotyping Slide # 114 A 1950s Male Stereotype: The Rebel Slide # 115 The Private Eye Slide # 116 An Early Jock Stereotype Slide # 117 The Hippie Slide # 118 Racial Stereotypes: The Jew Slide # 119 The Mexican Slide # 120 The Italian Slide # 121 The Pole Slide # 122 Native American Stereotypes Slide # 123 Stereotypes of African American Women Slide # 124 Little Black Sambo Slide # 125