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Transcript
Chapter 5 Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination Defining Important Terms • Racism: Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s background • Sexism: Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender • Stereotypes: Beliefs that associate a whole group of people with certain traits. • Prejudice: Negative feelings about others because of their connection to a social group. • Discrimination: Negative behaviors directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group. Persistence and Change • In general, stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are less acceptable than ever before. • But exceptions do exist. Racism: Current Forms and Challenges • Research reveals that racial prejudice has been on the decline over the last several decades • Re-election of Barack Obama was seen by many as significant sign of racial progress Types of Racism • Modern Racism: A form of racism that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize • Implicit Racism: Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally Sexism: Ambivalence and Double Standards • Blatant displays of sexism are less socially acceptable than in the past – But do continue to persist today • Gender stereotypes are distinct in that they are not only descriptive, but also prescriptive – They tell people what they should do or be Ambivalent Sexism • Form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs/feelings as well as affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs/feelings – Hostile sexism – Benevolent sexism • Seems to have diminished over time, but discrimination based on sex is still prevalent today Being Stigmatized • Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic. Stereotype Threat • Stereotype threat is the fear that one will be reduced to a stereotype in the eyes of others. • How can stereotype threat hamper academic achievement? – The reactions to the threat can directly interfere with performance. – The threat can cause individuals to dismiss the domain as no longer relevant to their self-esteem and identity. Social Categorization and Intergroup Conflict • The classification of persons into groups on the basis of attributes • In some ways, is natural and adaptive – Saves time and energy • But can lead to overestimation of differences between groups and underestimation of differences within groups Ingroups vs. Outgroups • Strong tendency to divide people into ingroups and outgroups. • Consequences – Exaggerate differences between ingroups and other outgroups – Outgroup homogeneity effect • New research indicates that perceivers may actually process faces of outgroup members more like objects than fellow human beings • Dehumanization has played a role in atrocities throughout history Social Identity Theory • Two Basic Predictions: – Threats to one’s self-esteem heighten the need for ingroup favoritism. – Expressions of ingroup favoritism enhance one’s self-esteem. Culture and Social Identity • Collectivists more likely to value connectedness and interdependence with people and groups around them • Collectivists less likely to show biases favoring their ingroups in order to boost their self-esteem. • But collectivists may draw sharper distinctions between ingroup and outgroup members. • Socialization refers to process by which people learn the norms, rules, and information of a culture or group – Includes stereotypes and status of groups Gender Stereotypes • Inundated with gender stereotypes from birth and through the life span – E.g., males more adventurous, assertive, aggressive, independent, etc. – E.g., females more sensitive, gentle, dependent, emotional, etc. • Media • Children begin to understand these stereotypes quite early – one study, by age of 2 Are Stereotypes Ever Accurate? • What is meant by “accurate”? • Stereotyping can often lead to self-fulfilling prophecies which further distort perceptions and realities Confirmation Biases and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies • Stereotypes are often maintained and strengthened through confirmation biases. – Tendency to interpret, seek, and create information to confirm expectations • Stereotypes can cause a perceiver to act in such a way that the stereotyped group member really does behave in a stereotypeconfirming way. – The stereotype creates a “self-fulfilling prophecy.” How Stereotypes Survive and Self-Perpetuate • Illusory correlation: The tendency for people to overestimate the link between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated. • Tend to overestimate the association between variables when: – The variables are distinctive – The variables are already expected to go together