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Chapter 3, Exploring the Family Key Terms Family Ecology Perspective Explores how a family influences and is influenced by the environments that surround it. natural physical-biological environment The unaltered natural world: climate, soil, plants, animals, etc. human-built environment The environment that develops when nature is altered by human action. social-cultural environment Entirely a human creation, consists of cultural values, cultural products like language and law, and social and economic systems. family policy All the procedures, regulations, attitudes, and goals of government that affect families. Family Development Perspective Emphasizes the family itself as its unit of analysis, based on the idea that the family changes in predictable ways over time. Structure-Functional Perspective Sees the family as a social institution that performs certain essential functions for society. social institutions Patterned and predictable ways of thinking and behaving-beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms. monogamy Sexually exclusive union of one woman and one man. polygamy Non exclusive union with multiple partners. polygyny One man with multiple wives. polyandry Multiple husbands for one wife. vertically extended family Family members from three or more generations. horizontally extended family Family members from the same generation or other related lines such as uncles, brothers, sisters, and aunts. cross-cultural researchers Researchers who compare cultures around the world. individualistic societies Societies where the main concern is with one’s own interests and those of one’s immediate family. collectivist society Society where people identify with and conform to the expectations of their relatives or clan. interactionist perspective Looks within families at internal family dynamics. self-concept The basic feelings people have about themselves, their abilities, and their worth. identity A sense of inner sameness developed by individuals throughout their lives. Exchange Theory Focuses on how individual’s various personal resources affect their formation of and continuation of relationships and their relative positions in families and groups. Family Systems Theory The family is a whole that is more than the sum of the parts. feminist perspective Central focus is on gender issues and how male dominance in family and society is oppressive to women. conflict perspective Calls attention to unequal power within groups or larger societies. biosocial perspective Argues that human’s evolutionary biology affects much of human behavior and many family-related behaviors. inclusive fitness Survival of one’s genes. agreement reality What members of a society agree to be true. heterosexism The tendency to see heterosexual or straight families as the standards. cultural equivalent approach Emphasizes the features that minority families have in common with mainstream white families. cultural deviant approach Views the qualities that distinguish minority families from mainstream families as negative or pathological. cultural variant approach Calls for making culturally and contextually relevant interpretations of minority family lives. kin scripts framework Includes three culturally relevant family concepts: kin-work, kin-time, and kin-scription. naturalistic observation Researcher lives with a family or social group and spends extensive time carefully recording their activities, conversations, gestures and other aspects of everyday life. case studies Compilations by psychologists, psychiatrists, marriage counselors, and social workers who counsel people with marital and family problems. longitudinal studies Studies that provide long-term information about individuals or groups, as research conducts follow up investigations for several years after the study.