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Slide 1
Sociology in Modules
chapter
four
Richard T. Schaefer
1st Edition
Socialization and
the Life Course
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
Socialization and
the Life Course
4
•Module 13: The Role of Socialization
•Module 14: The Self and Socialization through the
Life Course
•Module 15: Agents of Socialization
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
A Look Ahead
█
█
█
How does socialization help
us behave properly?
In what ways does socialization
aid in the transmission of culture?
How does socialization
help shape our self image?
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 13
Slide 4
The Role of Socialization
█
█
Socialization: Lifelong
process in which
people learn
appropriate attitudes,
values, and behaviors
Nature vs. nurture
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 13
Slide 5
Social Environment:
The Impact of Isolation
█
Interaction of heredity and environment
shape human development
– Isabelle and Genie: Two Cases
• Importance of earliest
socialization experiences for children
– Primate Studies
• Harlow showed isolation had
damaging effect on monkeys
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 13
Slide 6
Figure 13-1: Genie’s Sketch
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 13
Slide 7
The Influence of Heredity
█
Minnesota Twin Family Study
– Twins have similar intelligence
test scores when reared apart in
roughly similar social settings
– Different scores when reared
in different social settings
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 8
The Self and Socialization
█
Self: Distinct identity that
sets us apart from others
The self is not a static phenomenon
It continues to develop and change
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 9
Cooley: Looking-Glass Self
█
View of ourselves comes
from contemplation of personal
qualities and impressions
of how others perceive us
Looking-glass self:
The self is product of
social interactions with other people
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 10
Mead: Stages of the Self
█
Preparatory Stage:
Children imitate
people around them
– As they grow older,
children become more
adept at using symbols
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 11
Mead: Stages of the Self
█
Play Stage: Children develop
skill in communicating through
symbols and role taking occurs
– Role taking:
Process of mentally
assuming perspective
of another and
responding from that
imagined viewpoint
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 12
Mead: Stages of the Self
█
Game Stage: Children of about 8 or 9
consider several actual tasks and
relationships simultaneously
-Mead used the
game of baseball
as an example of
this stage
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 13
Mead: Stages of the Self
█
Generalized others: Children of about 10
begin to take the attitudes, viewpoints,
and expectations of society as a whole
into account.
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 14
Mead: Theory of the Self
█
█
Self begins as privileged, central
position in a person’s world
As the person matures, the self
changes and begins to reflect greater
concern about reactions of others
Significant others: Individuals most
important in the development of the self
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 15
Table 14-1: Mead’s Stages of the Self
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 16
Goffman:
Presentation of the Self
█
Impression management: Individual
learns to slant presentation of self
to create distinctive appearances
and satisfy particular audiences
– Also known as dramaturgical approach
Face-work: Need to maintain proper
image of self to continue social interaction
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 17
Psychological
Approaches to the Self
█
Freud
Art to come
– Self is a social product
– Natural impulsive instincts
in constant conflict with
societal constraints
– Personality influenced by others
(especially one’s parents)
– Self has components that work
in opposition to each other
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 18
Psychological
Approaches to the Self
█
Piaget
– Emphasized stages that humans
progress through as the self develops
– Cognitive theory of development:
four stages in development
of children’s thought processes
Social interaction key to development
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 19
Table 14-2: Theoretical Approaches
to Development of the Self
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 20
Sociology on Campus
█
Impression Management by Students
– How do you react to those who have
received higher or lower grades than
you? Do you engage in impression
management? How would you
like others to react to your grades?
– What social norms govern students’
impression management strategies?
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 21
The Life Course
█
█
Rites of Passage: Means of
dramatizing and validating
changes in a person’s status
Life Course Approach: Looking
closely at social factors that
influence people throughout their lives
Most difficult socialization
challenges occur in later years
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 22
Anticipatory Socialization
and Resocialization
█
█
Anticipatory socialization:
Person “rehearses”
future occupations
and social relationships
Resocialization:
Discarding former behavior
patterns and accepting
new ones during
transitions in one’s life
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 23
Anticipatory Socialization
and Resocialization
█
Total institution: Regulates all
aspects of a person’s life under
a single authority
Degradation ceremony: Ritual
where individual becomes
secondary and rather invisible in
overbearing social environment
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 14
Slide 24
Table 14-3: Milestones in the Transition to Adulthood
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 15
Slide 25
Agents of Socialization
Family
█ Cultural Influences
█ The Impact of Race and Gender
█
Gender roles: Expectations
regarding proper behavior, attitudes,
and activities of males and females
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 15
Slide 26
Agents of Socialization
█
School
– Teaches values and
customs of larger society
– Traditionally socialized children
into conventional gender roles
█
Peer Group
– As children grow older, peer
groups increasingly assume
role of Mead’s significant others
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 15
Slide 27
Agents of Socialization
█
Mass Media and Technology
– Technology socializes families
into multitasking as social norm
– 68% of U.S. children have
television in their bedrooms
– Nearly half of youths ages 8 to
18 use the Internet every day
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 15
Slide 28
Agents of Socialization
█
Workplace
– Learning to behave
appropriately within occupational
setting is a fundamental
aspect of human socialization
█
Religion and State
– Government and organized
religion impact life course by
reinstituting some rites of passage
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 15
Slide 29
Table 15-1: High School Popularity
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 15
Slide 30
Figure 15-1: The New Normal: Internet at Home
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 15
Slide 31
Research Today
█
Online Socializing:
A New Agent of Socialization
– Do you list your “friends” on an
online social networking site? If so,
what is your motivation for doing so?
– Do you think the advantages
of online social networking
outweigh the disadvantages?
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 15
Slide 32
Research Today
█
Rum springa: Raising
Children Amish Style
– Do you or anyone you know come from
a subculture that rejects mainstream
American culture? If so, describe
the community’s norms and values.
– Why do you think so many Amish
youths return to their families’ way
of life after rebelling against it?
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 15
Slide 33
Child Care Around the World
– In the U.S., 73% of employed
mothers depend on others to
care for their children
– 30% of mothers who aren’t employed
have regular care arrangements
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 15
Slide 34
Child Care Around the World
█
Looking at the Issue
– Researchers found high quality
child-care centers do not adversely
affect socialization of children
– Few in U.S. can afford to
have a parent stay at home
 Finding the right kind
of day care is challenging
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 15
Slide 35
Child Care Around the World
█
Applying Sociology
– Interactionists favor studies assessing
quality of child care outside of home;
microlevel of analysis
– Conflict perspective notes child care
costs are burden for lower-class families
– Feminist perspective questions low
status and wages of day-care workers
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 15
Slide 36
Child Care Around the World
█
Initiating Policy
– Policies vary
throughout the world
– When policymakers
decide child care is
desirable, must
determine degree
taxpayers subsidize it
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 15
Slide 37
Figure 15-2: Child Care Costs in Industrial Nations
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.