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What Works?
Short-Term, In-Custody
Rehabilitation Programs
Presented by: Jaslene Lizama
Authored by: Jaslene Lizama, Vikram Matthews, &
Sean Reyes
Re-Think Traditional Methods
• In the United States the
jail/prison populations
continue to grow
• But are state and local
funds being spent wisely?
• The goal is to improve the
criminal justice system and
reevaluate the current
methods
AB 109 “2011 Public Safety Realignment”
• AB 109 allows for non-violent, non-serious, and non-sex
offenders to serve their sentence in a county jail
• Though AB 109 allows for longer jail sentences, much of
the population is still transitory and short-term
• There is still a lack of research and evaluation on specific
jail treatment programs
– Much of the research comes from prison
populations, which does differ from the
population found in jails
Goal of Research
• Evaluate:
– Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
– Educational & Vocational Programs
– Substance & Alcohol abuse treatment Programs
– Faith-based & Mental illness Programs
Goal: Report what is found to be effective,
evidenced-based, in-custody rehabilitative
programs
Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) Model
RISK:
The probability of criminal recidivism and should
not be associated with offender’s crime seriousness .
NEED:
Target criminogenic needs such as anti-social
attitudes or substance abuse. Treat the needs of the
offender
RESPONSIVITY:
Use interventions aligned with the offender’s
abilities and motivations.
• Design & Delivery
Characteristics/Principles of Effective,
Evidenced Based, Treatment Programs
1. High program intensity
2. Interactive programming
focused on skill building, according
to the needs of the offenders
3. Incorporates cognitivebehavioral therapy
4. Structured curriculum
5. Multiple treatment modalities
6. Trained professionals administer
program
7. Treatment is more successful
among high-risk offenders (risk
principle)
8. Duration of treatment is
associated with effectiveness
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
• CBT is considered to be
a “top tier” rehabilitative
treatment program
– Based on the premise that
offenders have distorted
cognitions
Thoughts
• CBT positively
influences offenders
cognitions
– Makes offender aware of
thoughts that lead to
negative feelings and
anti-social behaviors
Emotions
Behavior
Goal of CBT
• To help offenders develop a new way of
thinking by providing them with a chance
to:
– Model,
– Role-Play, and
– Practice pro-social skills
Core Practices of CBT
1: Reinforcing pro-social attitudes
2: The use of role-play
3: The use of rewards and punishments
4: Graduated rehearsals and practices
5: Appropriate modeling that introduces prosocial coping strategies
6: Allowing offenders to learn in structured
group format
How to implement CBT effectively
• Meeting times
– 2 times a week for 16 weeks
• Carried out closer to the end of offenders
sentence
• Treat high risk offenders
• Fidelity of program is kept by instructor
• Supplementary components are added
– For example, cognitive skills training and anger
management
Pre-Packaged CBT Programs
Moral Reconation Therapy (MRT)
Reasoning and Rehabilitation (R&R)
Thinking For a Change (T4C)
1) Come with workbooks and course material
2) Short training courses for facilitators (40 hours or less)
3) All have the ability to reduce recidivism
Educational & Vocational Programs
• 68% of offenders are high
school dropouts
• They lack the skills to live
a conventional life
• Goal:
– To equip offenders with
human capital and
occupational
opportunities
The Effective implementation of
Educational/Vocational Programs
1: Run over 100 days
2:Offenders spend 22 hours in program
3:When paired with extra educational classes
4:When those in authority support the
program
• 5:Adequate supplies/materials
• 6:When interruptions affecting offenders
learning is limited
•
•
•
•
Adult Basic Education (ABE)
• Goal:
– Teach offenders reading
below the ninth grade level
basic education
• Increase chances of
employment
• Increased chances of
earning a higher income
– When compared with GED
participants have a 57% of
obtaining a job compared to
45% of non-participants
– Reduces recidivism 5-9%
General Educational Development
(GED)
• Teaches offenders
subjects that will help
them master GED
exam
• Reduces recidivism by
9%
– But allows offenders to
feel a sense of
accomplishment and
self-efficacy
Post-Secondary Education (PSE)
Academic Classes
• College education classes
– Two-year degrees and fouryear degrees
• Post-secondary education
Vocational Training
• Found in 7% of all jails
• Include classroom based
education and
apprenticeships
• Employment Rates
– 62% for participants and
41% for non-participants
When combined have an 11-13%
reduction in regards to recidivism
Substance & Alcohol Abuse Treatment
Substance and/or alcohol abuse plays an influential role
in criminal activity
– 2/3 of jail inmates are dependent or abuse alcohol or drugs
Treatments that might reduce recidivism:
1)Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
2) Therapeutic Communities
3) 12-Step
4) Interactive Journaling
Substance & Alcohol Abuse Treatment
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
• Short-term (8 to 16 weeks) treatment
program for substance dependence can be
effective in helping inmates reduce illicit
substance use
Therapeutic Communities
• Highly structured framework
• Community oriented rehabilitation
programs
– Residential Units
– Managed by chosen leader
– Can include: CBT, individual
counseling, group counseling,
and 12-step programs
*Reduction in drug relapse and rearrests*
Living and
learning in
structured
community
Challenging
negative
behaviors
and
attitudes
Keeping
each other
accountable
12-Step Treatment Program
• Key components:
– Recognize that one will always be an addict
– Weekly/biweekly meetings with similar individuals
with same issues
– Rely on high power
– Perform service to one another
– Counseling sessions (group & individual)
* inconclusive evidence to the effectiveness of reducing
drug use and recidivism*
Interactive Journaling
• Structured through a written self-reflection
process where participants use journals to
explore and resolve their issues
Stages:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Termination
*reduces recidivism*
Faith-Based Programs
• Most facilities have a full-time
chaplain
– Chaplain & volunteers work with
offenders
Services provided included:
– Bible study
– Mentoring
– Preparation for life after release
*Inconclusive findings*
Mental Illness Programs
• Modified Therapeutic Communities
– Strategic Treatment and Reintegration Unit (STAR)Nebraska Model
– Consist of 2 pretreatment phases, stabilization phase,
and motivational enhancement phase
• After these phases are completed offender is placed in STAR
Unit
Results: STAR Unit was found to increase the functioning level of
inmates prior to their discharge from the unit
Findings
REDUCTION IN
RECIDIVISM
INCONCLUSIVE
- Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy
- Educational & Vocational
programs
- Substance and Alcohol
Abuse- 12 Step Program
- All faith based programs
(selections bias)
- Substance and Alcohol
- All mental illness treatment
Abuse- Therapeutic
programs
Communities
- -Substance and Alcohol
Abuse- Interactive Journaling
Conclusion
What makes a program effective?
• Adhere to the R-N-R Principles
• Follow the 8 Principles of Effective Intervention
Potential Savings:
Ohio has found that “the average amount of money spent
on a DRC inmates per day is $69.19 or $25,254 per year,
so the resulting savings would be over $19 million per
year for a 10% reduction in recidivism”
(Vandine, Rhine, and Bickle, 2010)
• To find article please visit:
http://cpp.fullerton.edu/index.asp
• Or email Doctor Gardiner at
[email protected]
References
Bahr, S., Masters, A., & Taylor, B. (2012). What works in substance abuse
treatment programs for offenders?. The Prison Journal, 92(2), 155174.
CDCR (2011). 2011 public safety realignment: fact sheet. Retrieved
from: http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/About_CDCR/docs/RealignmentFact-Sheet.pdf
Makarios, M., & Latessa, E. J. (2013). Developing a risk and needs
assessment instrument for prison inmates: The issue of
outcome. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 40(12), 1449-1471.
doi:10.1177/0093854813496240
Volokh, A. (2011). Do faith-based prisons work?. Retrieved from:
http://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2063/Issue%201/2Volokh.pdf