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A. SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. Read the experiment below to answer the questions below. John is testing whether or not fertilizer increases plant growth. His hypothesis was that fertilizer would make plants grow more. He uses 2 plants. Plant A was grown in soil and Plant B was grown in soil with fertilizer added to it. John gave each plant the same amount of water, and the same amount of sunlight. He measured the height of each plant once a week for 5 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the height of Plant A was 10 cm and the height of Plant B was 15 cm. a. IV •Fertilizer b. DV •height c. Control group •Plants A d. Experimental group •Plant B e. What are 2 factors that must remain constant? •Type of plant, same amount of soil, same amount of water, temperature •f. Describe what can be done to make the results of this study more reliable. •Repeat or increase sample size. B. MEASUREMENT 2. What is mass? • The amount of matter in an object (grams) 3. What is volume? • The amount of space an object takes up 4. The volume of water in a graduated cylinder is 30mL. A marble is placed into the graduated cylinder. The volume of the water is now 34mL. a. What is the volume of the marble? •34-30 = •4 mL 5. An object has a length of 2 cm, a height of 3.2 cm and a width of 0.23 cm. What is the volume of the object! Show all work! •V = L x W x H •V = 2 cm x 3.2 cm x 0.23 cm •V = 1.472 (always round to nearest tenth) •V = 1.5 cm3 6. What is the mass shown in the triple beam balance below? 328.3g 7. What is the length of the object below in centimeters? •5.1cm 8. What is the volume of the liquid in the graduated cylinder at the right? 16 mL 9. a. The mass of an object is 50g and its volume is 5.5 mL. What is the density of the object? Show all work. •D = m v •D = 50 g 5.5 mL D = 9.1 g/mL b. Does the object float in water? Why or why not? •It does not float. In sinks because it has a greater density than water (1.0g/mL) 10. Identify the following temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius. a. melting point of water? •0C, 32F •c. boiling point of water? •100C, 212F b. freezing point of water? •0C, 32F C. MICROSCOPE 11. Label the diagram of the microscope: PE •a. eyepiece a diagram of the microscope: •b. body tube ________________ •c. fine adj ________________ ________________ b •d. nosepiece ________________ •e. objective lens c ________________ d •f. diaphragm ________________ e •g. base ________________ kf ________________ •h. coarse adj fg ________________ •i. arm ________________ gh •j. stage clips ________________ •k. stage ________________ •l. mirror/light source hl ki j li 12. Which part of the microscope controls the amount of light used? •diaphragm 13. When switching from low to high power, what happens to the field of view? •It decreases 14. Draw what the letter “e” looks like when looking at it under a microscope. 15. What is the total magnification produced by a microscope using a 10x ocular lens and a 10x objective lens? •10 x 10 •100x 16. A specimen is on the right side of the field of view. Which way should you move the slide to center the image? •right 17.What is the diameter of the field of view below in millimeters and micrometers? • 15. What is the length of the object in the field of view below in __________________________ millimeters and micrometers? 21. What is the length of the object in the fiel 6 mm • 3.5 mm • 3500 um • 1.5 mm __________________________________________ • 1500 um 22. When preparing a wet mount, why must the D. CELLS 19. List the 3 parts of the Cell Theory. •Cells are the basic unit of function in all living things. •Cells are the basic unit of structure in all living things. •All cells come from preexisting cells. 20. List the 3 exceptions to the Cell Theory. •Viruses are not cells and are not made of cells. •Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and don’t need the nucleus to replicate. •The first cell could not have come from another cell. 21. Cell Organelle vacuole lysosome ribosome Golgi bodies ER nucleus mitochondria chloroplast Location Function Stores water and other materials. Produces enzymes to digest bacteria. both Packages proteins into vesicles. both Transport system inside cell. both Control center of cell. both Produces ATP. both Site of photosynthesis. plant Involved in cell division. cytoplasm Supports all cell organelles. nucleolus DNA/chromosomes animal Produces proteins. centrioles Cell membrane both animal both Semipermeable to control entry and both exit of materials. Produces ribosomes. Genetic material in nucleus both both 22. Label the plant and animal cells below. A. Chromosomes (DNA) B. ER C. Nucleolus D. Nucleus E. Nuclear membrane F. Cytoplasm G. Mitochondria H. Golgi Bodies I. Ribosomes J. Vacuole K. Cell membrane L. Vacuole M. Cell Wall N. Chloroplast 40. Label the plant and animal cells below. C B D A E F N P G Q M H L I K J R O. Centrioles Label the plant and animal cells below. C P. Cytoplasm B D Q. ER A R. DNA E S. Nucleolus T. Nuclear Membrane F U. Ribosome G V. Golgi Bodies M W. Mitochondria H L X. Cytoplasm I J Y.KCell membrane X Y W V O P U Q R T S 23. List the 5 levels of organization of a multicellular organism from smallest to largest. • Cells tissues organs organ systems organism 24. Below is a diagram of two spaces being separated by a selectively permeable membrane. . a. If the particles in the diagram represent carbón dioxide molecules and are moving from A B, what process does that represent? Is energy needed for this process to occur? Diffusion, no energy needed c. If the particles in the diagram represent wáter molecules and they are moving from A B, what process does that represent? Is energy needed for this process to occur? Osmosis, no b. If the particles in the diagram represent carbón dioxide molecules and are moving from B A, what process does that represent? Is energy needed for this process to occur? Active transport, yes 25. Which nutrient is needed for each type of respiration to occur? •glucose 26. Identify the type of respiration being described: d. Carried out by yeast a. Requires oxygen •Alcoholic •Aerobic Fermentation b. Fermentation e. produces 36 ATP •Anaerobic •Aerobic c. Occurs in the f. occurs in muscles in the absence mitochondria of oxygen •Both •Lactic Acid Fermentation 27. The sum total of all life processes is known as •Metabolism 28. Maintaining a stable, internal environment in a living thing is known as •Homeostasis F. CLASSIFICATION 29. List the 7 levels of classification from largest to smallest. •Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species 30. What two words are used to name an organism? • Genus species 31. What kingdom(s) contain organisms that are: a. unicellular •Archaebacteria, Eubacteria & Protists b. only heterotrophic •Animals & Fungi c. prokaryotic Archaebacteria, Eubacteria d. heterotrophic or autotrophic •Archaebacteria, Eubacteria & Protists D. CHEMISTRY 32. Label the subatomic particles of the atom below and indicate its charge. A. Electron ( negative) B. Proton (positive) C. neutron ( no charge) 33. Identify each phase below (solid, liquid, gas). Gas solid Liquid 34. For the following questions, choose the phase change that is described by each statement. Melting Evaporization Condensation Freezing a. Gas loses heat energy. • Condensation b. When liquid absorbs heat energy. • evaporation c. The solid absorbs heat energy. • melting d. Solid changes directly to the gas phase. • sublimation e. Liquid loses heat energy. • freezing Sublimation 35. For the following questions, determine if a physical (P) or chemical change (C) is being described. a. Iodine reacts with hydrogen to form a gas. • C b. Shattering of a glass • P d. Explosion of fireworks •C e. Drying of wet laundry. •P 36. The following statements are false. Change the underlined word to make the statement correct. a. In a compound, elements are physically combined. • mixture b. In a mixture, substances cannot be separated by physical means. • compound c. A compound cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. • Element d. The solvent is the substance being dissolved in a solute. • Solute, solvent 37. For the questions below, select the family below being described (Metals - M, Nonmetals - N, Metalloids - ME, Noble Gases - NG) a.Very ductile and malleable. •M b. Good conductors of heat and electricity •M c. Non-reactive •NG d. No luster. •N & NG e. brittle •N f. Can be shiny or dull •M 38. Identify the following information for the element below. a. Atomic mass = 112.41 b. Mass number = 112 e. Atomic number = 48 c. Number of protons = 48 d. Number of neutrons = 64 f. Number of electrons = 48 39. Use the Periodic Table below to answer the following questions. a. Which letter represents the metals? C b. Which letter represents the noble gases? E c. Which letter represents a period? A d. Which letter represents a group? B&E e. Which letter would contain some metalloids? D 40.The diagram below shows a single sugar cube that has been placed in a container of water. The sugar cube will dissolve in the water. Describe 3 ways to make the sugar cube dissolve more quickly in the water. • A. Heat up the solvent (increase temp) • B. Mix/stir the solution • C. Crush the sugar cube (increase surface area) 41. The graph below shows the solubility curves for a solid solute and a gaseous solute. a. How many grams of solid solute will dissolve in 100 grams of water at 25°C? 36 g b. Describe the relationship between the solubility of the gaseous solute and temperature in this graph. As temperature increases, solubility decreases. 42. The graph below shows the heating curve for water. Answer the questions using the graph. a. Label all phase changes on the . diagram. cond b. What is the melting point of this substance? 0°C freezing evap c. What is the boiling point of this substance? melting e. What is happening to the molecules of this substance as time increases? Move faster and farther apart 100°C d. What is happening to the temperature at #4? Stays the same/does not change 43. Identify the structure(s) of the skeletal system being described. You may use an answer more than once. a. connects bones • ligaments b. connects muscles to bones • tendons c. produces blood cells • Bone marrow d. found at the ends of bones • cartilage e. minerals that make up the hard parts of bones • Calcium & phosphorus f. cushion the vertebrae • cartilage g. also known as the collar bone • clavicle h. also known as the breast bone • sternum i. longest bone in the body • femur j. also known as the shoulder blade • scapula k. upper arm bone • humerus l. type of joint found in the shoulder • Ball and socket 44. Identify the type of muscle being described below. a. voluntary • skeletal b. nonstriated • smooth c. striated and involunta • cardiac d. attached to bones • skeletal e. found in the heart • Cardiac 45. How do skeletal muscles work together to move bones? • One muscle contracts while the other relaxes. G. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 46. Label the digestive system diagram below. mouth esophagus liver Gall bladder Small intestine stomach pancreas Large intestine rectum 47. How is energy measured in food? • calories 48. Where does the chemical digestion of carbohydrates begin? • mouth 49. How does mechanical digestion happen in the mouth? • teeth chew and grind food 50. Where does the chemical digestion of proteins begin? • stomach 51. Where does digestion end? • Small intestine/duodenum 52. Where does most digestion occur? • Small intestine/duodenum 53. Where are nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream? • villi in the small intestine 54. Where is water absorbed back into the body? • large intestine 55. The stomach produces gastric juice. What is this juice made of? • hydrochloric acid and pepsin 56. Where is bile produced? Where is bile stored? • Liver, gall bladder