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Animal Cell Plant Cell The Difference Between Animal and Plant Cells •Plants have a rigid cell wall that lies outside the cell membrane. The cell wall provides structure and support for the plant cell •Fungi and most bacteria also have a cell wall •Multi-cellular plants rely on the strength of their cell walls to support the entire organism •Plant cells contain chloroplasts which allow them to make their own food through a process of photosynthesis Understanding the Cell Cycle Life begins as a single cell. After becoming an adult, your body will contain several hundred trillion cells Without cell division, living organisms cannot grow and develop In order for each new cell to have a complete nucleus and complete set of DNA, the cell must go through a process called mitosis Before mitosis can begin, the nucleus must make a copy of its chromatin so that there are two complete sets of DNA. This step is called replication The replicated chromatin coil up to form a double-stranded chromosome which are joined in the middle by a centromere Mitosis can now begin The Phases of Mitosis The four phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. These phases always take place in this order The end result of mitosis is the separation of replicated DNA into two complete nucleus’ with identical sets of DNA Animals, plants, fungi and some protists all go through mitosis, however, animal cells are the only ones that contain centrioles At the end of mitosis, there is still only one cell but now has two identical nuclei The cells now go through cell division In animal cells, the cell membrane pinches in near the middle of the cell dividing the cytoplasm into two new cells In plant cells, a cell plate develops across the center of the cell forming a new cell wall between the two new cells In both plant and animal cells, each new cell is an identical copy of the original Mitosis and cell division occupy a small portion of a cell’s life The greatest portion of its time is spent in interphase During this phase, the cells grow, replicate its DNA and become prepared for the first phase of mitosis Together, the processes of interphase, mitosis an cell division are called the cell cycle The Cell Cycle The Cell Cycle in Your Body Responsible for the growth and development of all your body cells Ensures that the number of chromosomes in the nuclei of your body remains constant All humans have 46 chromosomes in each nucleus of their body cells Mitosis and cell division add to the total number of cells in your body The process continues after you are fully grown because cells do not live forever This occurs when they are no longer needed or cannot function properly In your body, approximately three billion cells die every minute Cells also die when they do not receive enough food or oxygen If you cut your skin or break a bone, the injured tissue is repaired or remade through mitosis. This process is called regeneration. As we age, cells die and are replaced more slowly. This results in changes to the structure and function of major body systems This results in wrinkles, loss of bone density, and inability to fight off cancer. Cancer- The Cell Cycle Out of Control Instructions in a cell’s DNA controls the rate of cell division A cell is able to destroy themselves if genetic material in the nucleus is damaged Occasionally the cell divides rapidly with damaged nuclei. This results in cancer Cancerous cells interfere with surrounding cells and disrupt normal functioning They pile on top of one another and produce tumours or lumps They may move to other parts of the organism and continue to grow They steal oxygen and nutrients Exposure to tobacco, asbestos, certain chemicals, some viruses, radioactivity, and UV radiation are linked to cancer Sexual Reproduction