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Laws of Thermodynamics The First Law Energy cannot be _________________, Created or Destroyed only transformed 100% No energy transformation is _____ efficient The Second Law Entropy _______ Increases Pyramid of Biomass 1. Trophic_ Levels ________ Pounds The Sun _Pounds Consumers Heterotrophs __________ 3. 10,000 Pounds Photosynthesis (P/S) Producers Autotrophs __________ 2. Trophic Levels Tuna Sharks Swordfish Trophic Level 5 10% Efficient Large Carnivores: Trophic Level 4 10% Efficient Small Carnivores: 1-2% Efficient Trophic Level 3 10% Efficient Herbivores: Trophic Level 2 10% Efficient The Sun Phytoplankton: Trophic Level 1 Autotrophs = Photosynthetic organisms that are capable of making their own food Diatoms: Marine Phytoplankton are? Marine primary producers. They are photosynthetic. Primary Production Rate of photosynthesis A Measure of the ____________________ Deserts 200 pounds of edible vegetation produced per acre per year Tropical Rain Forests 10,000 pounds of edible vegetation produced per acre per year Type of consumer? Herbivores are primary consumers Common name? Roosevelt Elk Where am I found? Old growth forests Type of consumer? Carnivores are secondary consumers Omnivores? Coyotes are omnivores since they eat both meat and plant material Role in ecosystem? Fungi Kingdom? Fungi are decomposers P.E. Versus Potential Energy 1. K.E Kinetic Energy 2. Energy of Position 3. Energy of Motion 4. Chemical bond energy Released when chemical bonds are broken Atomic Structure: The Nucleus Protons Neutrons Charge = Weight = +1 1 Charge = 0 Weight = 1 Electron Orbitals or Energy Levels Electrons Charge = Weight = -1 0 Helium Atom 1P e- 6P 6N 2e- 4eHydrogen Carbon Ionic Bonds Ions (charged atoms) Bonds that form between_____ Give an example of an ion? H+ Covalent Bonds Bonds that form when atoms ? 1P Hydrogen e- Acids and Bases Acids: Release Hydrogen ions H+ Bases: Release Hydroxide ions OH- Acids and Bases HCl NaOH H3X H+ Na+ H+H+ X-3 H+ I Cl- OHII III H2O H+ OHIV The pH Scale 0 . Acidic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Basic 8 9 10 11 12 13 H+ = OH- 14 The pH Scale What is a buffer? Human blood = pH 7.4 Monomeres versus Polymers Starch Glycogen Cellulose Glucose _________ Amino acids Proteins _________ Nucleotides DNA and RNA Digestion Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins ________ __________ ________ Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Glucose Blood Sugar = ___________ Fructose Fruit Sugar = ___________ Galactose Milk Monosaccharide = __________ Fructose Sucrose = Glucose + __________ Lactose = Glucose + __________ Galactose Maltose = Glucose + __________ Glucose Polysaccharides Plants Starch = Storage form of glucose in __________ Animals Glycogen = Storage form of glucose in ________ Cell Walls Cellulose = Plant__________________ Proteins: The Primary Structure Enzymes are Specialized? Enzymes are catalyst Catalysts increase the rates of chemical reactions Many enzymes names have ase endings Sucrose Lactose Sucrase Lactase Glucose + Fructose Glucose + Galactose Solution = Solute + Solvent Solute = Solvent = The Universal Solvent is? What is the percentage of Solute in: 1. Solution A? 2. Solution B? What is the percentage of Solvent in 1. Solution A? 2. Solution B? Proteins Amino acids Composed of ___________ Nitrogen (N) Contains the element __________ Source of nitrogenous wastes Most fish Sharks, frogs, humans Reptiles and birds Enzymes Enzymes are specialized proteins that Increase the rates of chemical reactions __________________ Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + E glucose Oxygen ______ + _____ What is the energy source that drives P/S? Solar (Energy from the sun) What is the primary photosynthetic pigment? Chlorophyll A measure of the amount of photosynthesis is called? Primary production Elodea : A Plant Cell What are these green things? Cellular Respiration ______ + ___ Eat Exhale ATP Breathe 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Energy in a form the cell can use “Cellular Gasoline” Where in the cell does most ATP porduction occur? Energy Autotrophs Versus Heterotrophs Autotrophs Heterotrophs Pyramid of Biomass How many trophic levels are in this pyramid? Carnivores _______ Pounds The Sun 10% Efficient Herbivores ________ Pounds 1–2% Efficient Plants 100,000 Pounds Light E Food E 10% Efficient Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic Cells ________ White Blood Cell ________or “false foot” created by? _________Bacterial Cell Plant Cells Versus Animal Cells Plant Cells Versus Animal Cells A Plant Cell 1. 2. 3. Mitochondrion Site of? Most of the ATP in cellular respiration is made here C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Choloroplasts: The Site Of? Cilia and Flagella Cell Secretion is called? Cell Eating is called? Diffusion The movement of __________ from a region of ______concentration to a region of ______concentration The driving force for diffusion is Brownian movement Diffusion stops at ____________ Osmosis The movement of _____ from a region of high ______ concentration to a region of low _____ concentration through a ____________________. Practice Solution A What is the percentage of : 1. Solute? 2. Solvent? A is ____________ to B B is ____________ to A Osmoregulation In Marine Fish The fish is ____________ to the sea water 0.9% Salt 3.5% Salt Osmoregulation In Freshwater Fish The fish is _______________ to the water 0.2% Salt 0.9% Salt Modes of Heat Loss and Heat Gain Radiation Conduction Heat moving from a region of ____ to ____ Heat loss or gain from _______________ Convection Heat loss or gain due to water or _____ currents The still layer of air or water around any object is called the ____________ Evaporation: The most effective mode of heat loss for terrestrial animals Ectothermic Versus Endothermic Mostly Poikilothermic _____ Metabolic Rate The primary source of body temperature is the __________ Mostly Homeothermic ____ Metabolic Rate The primary source of body temperature is ____________