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Chapter 5 Section 3 & 4: The Protestant Reformation & The Spread of Protestantism Section 3: The Protestant Reformation Renaissance values of humanism & secularism led to criticism of the Catholic Church’s extravagance In Germany, the movement for church reform led to a split in the Church (a new form of Christianity – Protestantism) Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) German monk, taught at University of Wittenberg believed that a person could be saved simply by faith in God’s mercy & love (this idea became know as justification by faith) Luther’s beliefs brought him into conflict w/ the Catholic Church At the same time Pope Leo X was raising money by selling church positions & indulgences – indulgences – certificates issued by the Church that reduced or canceled punishments for a person’s sins Luther began preaching against the sell of indulgences & other practices that he considered corrupt Oct. 31, 1517 - Luther nailed his “Ninety-Five Theses” to the door of the Wittenberg church – theses - arguments arranged to support a particular view Many Germans agreed w/ Luther & broke from the Church’s influence 1520 - a papal bull was issued against Luther, ordering him to take back what he had written – papal bull - serious decree issued by the pope marked by his seal or “bulla” 1521 - Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther from the Church – Later that year, the Edict of Worms was issued, making Luther an outlaw in the Holy Roman Empire Luther laid the foundation of the 1st Protestant faith: Lutheranism Section 4: The Spread of Protestantism As the Protestant Reformation swept through Europe, some countries took to Luther’s ideas and others still supported the Catholic Church Switzerland John Calvin (1509 – 1564) French theology student fled to Switzerland to escape religious persecution Calvinists rejected all rituals of the Catholic church Calvin ruled in Switzerland, leader of a theocracy – theocracy – government led by a church Under Calvin’s rule, luxury & games were seen as sinful – “Idle hands are the Devil’s playthings.” Calvinists were called Huguenots in France & Puritans in England England Quarrels between the pope & King Henry VIII started the Reformation in England. 1527 - Henry VIII wanted a divorce & the pope would not grant it 1534 - Church of England (Anglican Church) was established – Anglicans had the same beliefs as Catholics, but the king of England was the head of the church, not the pope Henry’s son, Edward IV died in his teens & his sister Mary took over rule of England Mary became queen & tried to restore Catholicism, burning hundreds of Protestants at the stake – earned her the nickname “Bloody Mary” 1558 – Mary died & her half sister, Elizabeth I, became queen Elizabeth made the Anglican Church protestant w/ some Catholic features, distancing its relationship to the old Church of Rome.