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Hygiene
Hygiene
 Hygiene: practices that promote health through personal
cleanliness
 Activities that foster hygiene:
1. Bathing; cleaning and maintaining fingernails and
toenails
2. Performing oral care
Integumentary System
 Most hygiene practices are based on maintaining
or restoring a healthy intguementary system.
 Integumentary System Components
1. Skin
2. Mucous membrane
3. Hair
4. Fingernails, toenails
5. Teeth
Skin
1.
Epidermis
2.
Dermis
3.
Subcutaneous
layer
Mucous Membrane
 Line body passages such as the digestive,
respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
 Mucous membrane also lines the conjunctiva of the
eye
 a slimy substance that keeps the membranes soft and
moist
Hair
 Made up of keratin
 Forms from cells at the base of a single follicle
 Helps to prevent heat loss
 Sebaceous glands in the hair follicles release sebum,
an oily secretion
Nails
 Fingernails and toenails are made of keratin, which
in concentrated amounts gives them their tough
texture
 Normal nails are thin, pink, and smooth
 Fingernails and toenails provide some protection to
the digits
Teeth
 Present beneath the gums at birth
 Contain the outer covering, enamel, a keratin
structure
 Exposed portion of each tooth: crown
 Portion within the gum: root
 Adults: 28 to 32 permanent teeth
 Saliva: keeps the teeth clean and inhibits bacterial
growth
Common Dental Problems
 Sugar, plaque, and bacteria may eventually erode the
tooth enamel, causing caries
 Tartar leads to gingivitis while gum inflammation
may cause periodontal disease
Hygiene practices Bathing
 Uses a cleansing agent such as soap and water to
remove sweat, oil, dirt, and microorganisms from
the skin
 Advantages of bathing
1.
Eliminates body odor.
2.
reduces the potential for infection
3.
Stimulates circulation.
4.
provides a refreshed and relaxed feeling.
5.
improves self-image
Types of Bathing according to hygiene purposes
1. Tub bath or shower: There
is no contraindication
2. Partial bathing: washing
only those body areas subject to
greatest soiling or that are sources of body odor.
3. For those who are independent persons
1.
Bed bath( washing with a basin of water at the bedside)
2.
Towel bath : The nurse uses a single large towel to cover
and wash a client
3.
Bag bath : disposable cloths in a plastic bag or container
Types of Bathing according to function
1. Sitz bath: Immersion of buttocks and perineum in a
small basin of continuously circulating water (as in case of
piles or episiotomy )
purposes:
1.
Remove blood , serum, stool or urine
2.
Reduce local swelling.
3.
Relieves discomfort.
Types of Bathing according to function (cont’d)
2. Sponge bath: application of tipped water to the skin.
purposes:
1.
Reduces a fever.
3. Medicated bath: soaking or immersing in a mixture of
water and another substance, such as (sodium bicarbonate)
purposes:
1.
Relieve itching or rashes
Types of Bathing according to function (cont’d)
4. Whirlpool bath: warm water that is continuously
agitated within a tub or tank
purposes:
1.
Improve circulation.
2.
Increase joint mobility.
3.
Remove dead tissue
4.
Relieve discomfort.
Shaving
 Removes unwanted body hair
 Accomplished with an electric or a safety razor
Use of safety razor is contraindicated for those clients:
1. Receiving anticoagulant .
2. Receiving thrombolytic agents.
3. Taking high doses of aspirin.
4. With blood disorders as hemophilia.
5. With liver disease who have impaired clotting.
6. With rashes or inflamed skin.
7. Who are suicidal.
For those we use an electric or battery–operated razor
Oral Hygiene
 Brushing and flossing the teeth
 Dentures and bridges require special cleaning and
care
 Oral hygiene in unconscious clients whom need oral
care more frequently than conscious clients
 Prevents aspiration of oral hygiene products and
water
Hair Care
 Apply a conditioner to loosen tangles
 Use oil on the hair if it is dry
 Braid the hair to help prevent tangles
 Brush the hair slowly to increase circulation of
sebum
 Use a wide-toothed comb, combing from end to
crown
 Use shampoo to clean hair
Nail Care
 Keeping the fingernails and toenails clean and
trimmed
 Nail care should be provided with extreme caution
for the following clients:
 Clients with diabetes
 Clients with impaired circulation
 Client with thick nails
Visual and Hearing Devices
 Eyeglasses and hearing aids improve communication and
socialization

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Eyeglasses
Contact lenses
Artificial eyes
Hearing aids
Infrared listening devices
Examples of Hearing Aids
 In the ear
 Behind the ear
 Remote controlled