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LESSON 4.3
Hearing and Your Other Senses
OBJECTIVES
 Explain and illustrate the human auditory
system and the structure of the ear.
 Describe the senses of smell, taste, touch, and
body position and movement.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 1
The Auditory System
The auditory system controls your sense
of hearing.
Hearing begins with sound waves—
vibrations in air, water, or solid material.
The number of sound waves that pass
through a given point in one second is
called the sound’s frequency.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 2
The Auditory System—Pitch
When your sensory system experiences
the physical sensation of frequency, you
also have the psychological experience
of pitch.
High-pitched sounds are high frequencies
Low-pitched sounds are low frequencies.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 3
The Auditory System—Amplitude
Loudness of sound is a psychological
experience that corresponds to the
height of a sound wave, called
amplitude.
Amplitude is measured in decibels (dB).
The greater the amplitude, the higher the
decibels, and the louder the sound.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 4
Table 4-3
Decibel Level of Some Common Sounds
Decibels
Source
Exposure Danger
180
Space shuttle launch
Hearing loss certain within 150
feet of launch pad
140
Jet aircraft motor
Any exposure dangerous
120
Sandblaster, thunderclap
Immediate danger
100
Heavy auto traffic, lawn
mower
2 hours
60
Normal conversation
No danger
40
Quiet office
No danger
30
Quiet library
No danger
20
Soft whisper
No danger
0
Minimal detectable sound
No danger
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 5
The Ear
The ear is divided into three major parts:
The outer ear is the part you see.
The eardrum is a thin, flexible membrane
that vibrates in sequence with sound
waves.
The cochlea is the coiled, fluid-filled tube in
the inner ear that contains hair-like auditory
receptors.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 6
Figure 4-5
The Human Ear (video)
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 7
Hearing Loss
There are two types of hearing loss:
Conduction hearing loss: when sound is not
conducted efficiently through the outer
ear canal to the eardrum and the tiny bones
(ossicles) of the middle ear.
Sensorineural hearing loss: occurs when
there is damage to the inner ear (cochlea),
or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear
to the brain
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 8
Conduction Hearing Loss
 Occurs when there are physical problems
sending sound waves through the outer or
middle ear
 Often involves a punctured eardrum or
damage to any of the bones in the middle ear
 Hearing aids
 Common treatment for conduction hearing
 Tiny instruments worn just inside the outer ear
 Change sound waves into amplified vibrations and
send them to the inner ear
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 9
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
 More common than conductive hearing loss
 Involves nerve problems in the inner ear
 Often occurs because hair cells in the cochlea
are damaged either by disease, injury, or
aging
 Cochlear implant
 Only means of restoring hearing
 Miniature electronic device surgically placed into
cochlea
 Changes sound waves into electrical signals
 Best candidates—young children born with hearing
loss
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 10
New Science
Sensory Crossovers (video)
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 11
Smell
 The olfactory nerve transmits neural
impulses containing smell information from
the nose to the brain.
 The stimuli for smell are airborne molecules.
 These molecules enter your nasal passages and
reach tiny receptor cells at the top of the nasal
cavity.
 These receptor cells then transmit neural impulses
containing smell information through the olfactory
nerve to the brain.
 Once your brain has processed these neural
signals, you experience the aroma or odor.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 12
Figure 4-6
The Olfactory System
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 13
Taste
 Taste buds are sensory receptor organs that
contain the receptor cells for taste.
 Taste occurs when receptor cells in your
mouth and throat trigger neural impulses to
the brain.
 About 50 to 150 of these receptor cells are
contained in each of the 10,000 taste buds
that are located mainly on the tongue.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 14
Taste Sensations
 Four most familiar taste sensations:
 Sweetness (mostly sugars)
 Sourness (mostly acids)
 Saltiness (mostly salts)
 Bitterness (mainly chemicals that have no food
value or are toxic)
 Most taste experiences are complex and
result from the combined effects of receptor
cells in the mouth and nose, which produce
the different flavors you experience.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 15
Figure 4-7
The Tongue Map Myth
Myth: Different areas of
the tongue are more
sensitive to one of the
four primary tastes.
Fact: All your taste buds
detect all taste qualities.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 16
The Skin Senses
Skin defines boundaries with the
environment.
Skin is your largest sensory organ.
The sense of touch is actually a
combination of three skin senses:
Pressure
Temperature
Pain
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 17
Pressure
The stimulus for pressure is physical
pressure on the skin.
The entire body is sensitive to pressure.
Some areas have more receptors so are
more sensitive.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 18
Temperature
Temperature sensations depend on
which type of receptor is stimulated.
Whether more warm or cold receptors
are stimulated depends on the
difference between your skin
temperature and the temperature you
are feeling.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 19
Pain
 Pain serves as a warning system that signals danger
and the risk of injury.
 Pain can also force people to cope appropriately with
an injury.
 The most widely accepted theory of pain is gatecontrol theory.
 Gate-control theory describes how pain signals
open a neurological “pain gate” in the spinal cord and
how other touch signals close the gate.
 Rubbing, massaging, or even pinching bruised or sore
muscles eases pain.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 20
Body Position and Movement
Kinesthetic sense provides information
about the movement and location of
different parts of your body.
Vestibular sense provides information
on the position of your body by sensing
gravity and motion.
Equilibrium is another name for
vestibular sense.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© 2011 South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Slide 21