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In Service Training Teaching the Hearing Impaired By Janet Florian 1 Terms to Know Hard of Hearing - “hearing impairment, whether permanent or fluctuating, which adversely affects a child’s educational performance…” I(National Association of State Directors of Special Education [NASOSE], 1994) Statistics •About seven million children have some form of hearing loss •Few people are totally deaf Deaf - “means a hearing impairment which adversely affects educational performance and which is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification.” (NASOSE, 1994) 2 Anatomy of the Ear Three parts to the ear (outer, middle and inner) 3 4 Outer Ear Look at diagram for a visual representation • pinna or auricle - The part of the ear that is visible. It captures sound to be transmitted into the ear • The ear canal or external auditory meatus is the canal that connects the pinna to the ear drum or tympanic membrane. It transfers sound to the tympanic membrane. 5 Middle Ear Look at diagram for a visual representation • Eardrum or tympanic membrane vibrates when sound hits it. The vibration causes the sound to be carried through the middle ear. • Ossicular Chain are three small bones (malleus, incus and stapes) that help to carry the sound from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the inner ear. • The ossicular chain vibrates as sound is passed through the middle ear. • When the ossicular chain vibrates it transfers the sound to the inner ear by setting the fluid in the 6 inner ear in motion. Inner Ear Look at diagram for a visual representation • The cochlea contains fluid. When the fluid moves it stimulates hair cells, which in turn send signals, perceived as sound, into the brain. • The cochlea also contains the organ of corti or the sensory organ of hearing. • Organ of corti contains the sensory cells essential to hearing. These cells move as the fluid is traveling through the cochlea. 7 Types of Hearing Losses Conductive • Hearing loss resulting in poor sound transmission from the outer ear to the middle ear. • Example: Otitis media (ear infection), obstruction in external auditory canal Mixed • Combination of conductive and sensorineural Sensorineural • Hearing loss due to a problem in the inner ear that could affect the cochlea or the cranial nerve going to the brain • Example: absent cochlea, high fever causing permanent damage 8 Degree of Hearing Loss See handout on Sound Pressure Level (p. 10) dB stands for decibal and it implies the intensity of sound present • • • • • • Normal Hearing 0-15 dB Mild Loss 26-40 dB Moderate Loss 41-55 dB Moderate to Severe Loss 56-70 dB Severe Loss 71- 90 dB Profound Loss - 91 dB and above 9 10 Communication Methods Manual Approach • The hearing impaired person primarily uses sign language to learn and communicate with people (ASL) • Usually has an interpreter to assist in communicating with non ASL speakers Oral Approach • The hearing impaired person uses their residual hearing to learn and communicate with people • Focuses on using verbal language to communicate Total Communication • The hearing impaired person communicates through a combination of sign language and verbal communication 11 Technology • Hearing Aids • Cochlear Implants • Assistive Listening Devices (FM Systems) 12 Technology Hearing Aids and Cochlear Implants Hearing Aid • Many different sizes and types • Three components (microphone, amplifier and receiver) • Amplifies sounds from the environment, but does not make speech clearer Cochlear Implant • Electrode(s) placed in the inner ear • Designed to directly stimulate nerves in the cochlea in an attempt to send stronger signals to the auditory nerve center in the brain 13 Technology FM Systems Usage • FM System consists of microphone placed close to the sound source, the sound is transmitted to the receiver in the hearing aid via FM radio waves • In the classroom the teacher wears the microphone that picks up his/her voice and sends it to the student’s hearing aid receiver, which then amplifies the sound Advantage of FM System • FM picks up sound source but not background noise • FM System is portable 14 • Small unit Cochlear Electrode FM System 15 Communication Strategies for the HI Student • Face the student when speaking to him/her • Get the attention of the student before speaking • Do not turn away while speaking to the student • Do not stand in front of a light source while speaking to the student the glare will prevent the student from reading your lips • Repeat yourself if the student did not understand you • Speak clearly • Use facial expressions and gestures to help convey your message • If the student has an interpreter, do not speak directly to the interpreter but to the student 16 Teaching Strategies for the HI Student • • • • • • • Use visual aids during instruction Provide captioned media Reduce difficult vocabulary load Write out assignment requirements for the student Help the student locate a note taker Break up long, complex sentences Provide the student with a list of new vocabulary and concepts to be taught • Check for understanding 17 Environmental Adaptations for the HI Student • Place the student in a quiet part of the classroom example: place them away from noisy machines like the air conditioner • Place the students desks in a circle so the HI student can see all the students • Try to reduce background noise • Have only one student talk at once • Develop a plan of action with the student in case of an emergency 18 References National Association of State Directors of Special Education. (1994) Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students; Educational Service Guidelines. VA. Levenson, M. J. (2001) Cochlear Implants http://www.earsurgery.org/cochlear.html Devices for Persons with Hearing Impairments. (2001). http://cat.buffalo.edu/newletters/hearing.htm Understanding Hearing Loss/facts about Hearing Disorders. (2001). http://wwwhearingaidhelp.com 19 References Information About Hearing Impairments. (2001). http://spot.pcc.edu Strategies for Teaching Students with Hearing Impairments. (2001). http://www.as.wvu.edu Tell me About “Assistive Listening Devices”. (2001). http://www.earaces.com Zemlin, W. R. (1988). Speech and Hearing Science; Anatomy & Physiology Third Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 20