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ENVIROMENTAL STATUS AND
DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS IN THE
COASTAL AREA OF NHATRANG BAY
Nguyen Tac An
Chairman of Vietnam National IOC
Nhatrang – a
coastal city of
beauty and
wealth
Nha Trang (Khanh Hoa province) is a strong
marine economic center in Vietnam, with important
industries such as marine shipping, port industry,
fishery, aquaculture, tourism…
Its development objectives focus simultaneously
on the balance of three aspects: economic, social
and environmental
Great attention is paid to the report on sustainable
development from World Bank and IMF
Main resources are geographical posision,human,
cultural and marine resources, beautiful landscape
Nhatrang and some of its resources:
Cultural features
Beautiful landscape
Marine Resources
Salangane nest
I. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT IN NHATRANG
Development activities in Nhatrang
- Nhatrang area: 251 km², population 400,000 (2006),
estimated to increase to 500,000 – 600,000 in 2020.
- Annual GDP growth in Nhatrang: 12%, higher than that of
the whole country (8%)
- Developments focused largely on 8 groups of products:
1. Tourism and urban-development
2. Ship-building and –repairing, mechanical and
electronical products;
3. Seafood & agricultural products processing;
4. Minerals exploitation and processing –
production of building materials;
5. Forest products processing-handicraft production
6. Textile-garment products, garment accessories;
7 Soft drink products
8. Infomation technology
- Port, marine shipping and transportation,
and industrial activities:
+ Port and marine shipping in Nhatrang
formed early and is now one of its
strength
+ Provincial industrial value in 2007 reached
11,356 billion VND, increased by 12.4%
compared with 2006
Ports at Nhatrang:
1. Nhatrang port (commercial)
2. Cau Da tourism port
3. Cu Lao fishing port
2
1
3
Some industrial activities in Nha Trang
Electronic car for tourism- a products
of KHATOCO Machinery Enterprise
Ship repairing
at Nhatrang shipyard
Printing carton parking at Dong
A Parking Joint Stock Company
Weaving fabrics at
Tan Tien Textile Factory
- Tourism, service and urban development
activities:
+ In 2007, Nha Trang attracted more
1,124,452 of arrivals, increased by
21.36% compared with 2006, making a
turnover of 850.6 bilion VND, increased
by 30.6%.
+ 802 hotels & guest-houses with 8,945
rooms, 701 bussinesses deal in tourism
service in Khanh Hoa.
Hotels in Nhatrang
Cutural and Tourism activities in Nhatrang
Sea Festival
2007 in
Nha Trang
- Fisheries and aquaculture:
+ Fishery production value in 2007: 1,259 billlion VND,
increased by 1.4% compared with 2006 (70% from
aquaculture, 30% from capture).
+ Fishing yield in 2007: 66,872 thousand tons, increased
by 2.5%
+ Salangene nest production: 2.310 kg, increased 0,9%.
+ Aquaculture: Tiger shrimp, lobster, greenmussel, grouper,
pearl oyster, seaweeds etc.
Tiger shrimp culture area in 2007: 4,328 ha, increased by
0.7%. Shrimp production: 5,476 tons, increased by 6.4%;
shrimp seeds increased by 1.2%, reached 2,090 milion
individuals, pearl production: 848 kg, decreased 46.3%.
+ The lobster farming is developing strongest in
Khanh Hoa, with 30,000 cages, of which 8.472 are in
Nha Trang. However, lobster production in 2007
decreased by 51.4% to 595 tons, because of mass
mortality by diseases since July 2007, lost 200 billion
VND.
+ Khanh Hoa target up to year 2010: to incease
fishing yield to 100-110 thousand tons, aquaculture
output: 30-35 thousand tons, aquaculture area: 5000
- 5500 ha, and export turnover to 300 million USD.
- Investment–development focus: Nhatrang
and its surroundings
Fishing and
Aquaculture
in Nhatrang bay
Oyster culture
Taking salangane nest
Green mussel culture
Environmental changes caused by
socio-economic activities
General feature of Nhatrang bay:
Nhatrang bay has a surface area of 40,341 ha; volume:
6,798 million m3, 103 km coastline.
Nhatrang’s total runoff is < 5,000m3/head/year, while
national’s total runoff is 13,000m3/head/year and that
of the world is 12,000 m3//head/year.
Cai river basin: 2,000km2, total water input 389.8x109m3;
Cua Be river basin: 83km2, total water input 60,1.109m3.
Lessons and experiences of other countries
Impacts of development projects on the
coastal area of Nhatrang:
1. Promoting the economic growth, creating jobs,
improving the standard of living
2. Impacts on the environment: pollution,
eutrophication, disruption of ecological balance…
BOD average value in waste water from Khanhhoa
fishery processing is 1.193 mg/l (ranging 773 –
1976), average COD: 1762 mg/l (1176 – 2815).
Water quality in Nhatrang Beach: Field data
Parameter
pH TSS BOD
mg/l mg/l
Avarage value
7,91 36,6 1,35
Vietnam standard 6,5- 50
(5943-1995)
8,5
< 20
DO
Zn
Cu
As
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
HC Coliform
mg/l cell/100ml
6,25 0,019 0,002 0,002 0,379
65775
4
1000
0,1
0,02
0,05
2
Polution at Nhatrang
seabed and Cai estuary
Eutrophic index in the coastal
waters of Khanh Hoa
Standard level
Average level
Eco. threshold
Bad
3. Seafood safety: heavy metal accumulation, harmful
algal bloom...
4. Increasing the conflicts and interests with other sectors
Red tide and dead fishes caused by harmful algal bloom
5. Biodiversity changes/loss and exhaustion of marine
resources:
Habitats degradation: coral coverage declined 31% in
last 10 years; Seagrass bed decreased to 1/3 in area;
Mangrove forest almost disappeared…
Mangrove cut-off for shrimp culture
- a fight without victor
Dead corals in Nhatrang bay caused by
anchorage and destructive fishing
Landfill reclaim, Dam Gia, Nhatrang bay, 2005.
The seagrass bed is almost completely covered
by reclaim area. Photo: Bernard O’Callaghan.
Biodiversity changes:
Overdevelopment of Seaweed on
live and dead corals in Nhatrang
bay, may be due to eutrophication
Crown-of thorns seastars outbreak
leads to destruction of coral reefs
Exhaustion of marine resources:
Dynamite fishing consequense
Fishing with undersized meshes
Blast fishing
Destructive fishing: Thai fishing net
in the coastal waters of Khanh Hoa
6. Impacts on the scenery, aesthetics, cutural
and human resources
7. Changes on the coastal litho-dynamic
processes, sedimentation, erosion....
8. Increase of natural disasters and diseases
resulted by human activites
Coastline erosion
Landfill for coastal reclaim partly
burying branching corals, releasing
substantial amounts of sediments to
coastal waters.
It also impacts on the scenic beauty
II. DEVELOPMENT AND
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
Challenges in environment protection
in Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa
• Control the pollution from economic activities, prevent
oil spills
• Waste collection and treatment
• Solve environmental issues together with poverty
reduction and hunger alleviation, environmental
sanitation for coastal community.
• Biodiversity degradation
• Global climate change
Environment protection goals
1. Reduce pollution and environment degradation, prevent
environmental disasters caused by human and nature.
Pollution treatment, improve and enhance environment
quality.
2. Sustainable use and protection of natural resources.
Biodiversity protection, rehabilitation, protection and
development of degraded ecosystems.
3. Enhance capacity in environment management for all
government levels, sectors, and localities.
4. Raise awareness, encourage the participation of the
community.
5.Mitigation of the impact of and adaptation to Climate
change and varibility
Environment protection plan
1. Integrated coastal area management
+ understand the usage process (research)
+ History, status, scale and size of impacts
+ The interaction between present and future uses
+ Sustainable uses of the ecosystems
+ Management approach for each use
2. To improve awareness of users on environment protection,
encourage the participation of the community on environment
protection, increase the quality of living environment.
3. Planning for sustainable use based on local conditions
4. Planning for waste treatment area, waste collection and
treatment technology
5. Adjust the balance between aquaculture, fisheries and
seafood processing to support sustainable resource use
6. Appropriate technology transfer for aquaculture and
seafood processing
7. Suitable policies for change in community livelihoods and
natural resource management (co-management model)
8. Human capacity building in term of environmental
management
III. CONCLUSION
Three issues for discussion:
1. Firstly, economic growth should be promoted
2. Secondly, speed up the identification of ownership and
right of use of marine resources and sea surface
3. Finally, quickly establish feasible policies for marine
economic development and environmental protection
Thank you for your attention !