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THE WORLD AFTER WWI YEARS OF CRISIS 1919-1939 TERMS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES– WHAT THEY GOT France: • Reparations from Germany • Land rich in natural resources Britain: • Control of German colonies • Reparations from Germany • Control of German boats United States: • League of Nations • New nations in Europe Germany: • Lost 10% of land & colonies • Accept responsibility for war • Pay $5 Billion in reparations • Military disbanded POSTWAR DEMOCRACIES • Little experience with representative governments • Too many political parties • Coalition Governments didn’t work: too many disagreements • Weak gov’ts in difficult times changed for totalitarian rulers THE DAWES PLAN 1924-1930 $2.6 Bill War debts to be repaid; U.S. goods imported to rebuild economies U.S. lends $2.6 bill to Germany; spent on building up German economy Germany uses increased tax revenues to pay $2.0 bill reparations to France WEIMAR REPUBLIC of GERMANY • • • • Established in 1919 No democratic tradition in Germany Post-WWI Germany had many political parties Many people blamed the Weimar Gov’t for the problems Treaty of Versailles HYPER-INFLATION IN GERMANY • Wartime taxes not increased • German gov’t printed money to pay for war • German gov’t printed money to pay for war reparations forced by the Treaty of Versailles • Prices increased while the value of the currency (Mark) fell • People unable to afford basic necessities THE UNITED STATES: OVERPRODUCTION AND UNDERCONSUMPTION Factories: • U.S. factories producing large amounts of goods • Most people in U.S. too poor to purchase these goods • Store owners cut back orders from factories • Factories reduce production; workers fired Farms: • Large amount of crops • Competition from foreign crops • Surplus food drives prices down • Farmers don’t make profit; cannot make loan payments • Farmers lose land to banks DECLINE IN DEMAND FOR GOODS INCREASE IN UNEMPLOYMENT DECLINE IN PRODUCTION OF GOODS DECLINE IN OVERALL FACTORY PRODUCTION UNEMPLOYMENT, 1928-1938 HITLER FDR & NEW DEAL % WORK FORCE 30 GREAT BRITAIN 25 20 GERMANY 15 10 U.S.A. 5 0 STOCK MARKET CRASHES 1928 1929 1930 1932 1934 1936 1937 1938 CHARACTERISTICS OF TOTALITARIANISM USSR, FASCIST ITALY, NAZI GERMANY All shared the following… • • • • • Dictatorship and One-party rule Blind obedience to leader State more important than individual State control of economy use of police spies and terror to enforce gov’t rules • Gov’t control of media: indoctrination and mobilization of citizens; spread ideology to kids • strict censorship of artists and intellectuals DIFFERENCES Communism: (USSR) • International change • Classless society • Support from urban factory workers and farmers • Ideas based on Karl Marx Fascism: Italy/Spain Nazism:Germany • Enemies of socialists & communists! • Highly nationalist- war is good! • Class divisions • Support from business leaders, land owners, middle class • Ideas differed somewhat by country What is Fascism? By Benito Mussolini “Fascism is the complete opposite of [Communism]…it combats the whole system of democracy…it denies that the majority [of the people] can direct society…For Fascism the growth of the empire and war is essential…” 1932 BELIEFS OF FASCISM: • Loyalty to the state • Extreme nationalism • Peaceful states would be conquered • Uniforms and special salutes • Mass rallies • Each class has a place & function The Political Spectrum What is Fascism? By Benito Mussolini “Fascism is the complete opposite of [Communism]…it combats the whole system of democracy…it denies that the majority [of the people] can direct society…For Fascism the growth of the empire and war is essential…” 1932 BELIEFS OF FASCISM: • Loyalty to the state • Extreme nationalism • Peaceful states would be conquered • Uniforms and special salutes • Mass rallies • Each class has a place & function Benito Mussolini “Il Duce” • • • • • ITALIAN FASCISM Wanted to rescue Italy from poor economy, rebuild military after WWI “Black shirts” terrorized Communists 1922 Italian Prime Minister Abolished democracy and all opposition; won support of middle class, aristocracy, industry leaders Italy became the model for fascism in Spain and Germany The Characteristics of Fascism Ideology • A form of extreme right-wing ideology. • Celebrates the nation or the race over individual happiness • Powerful and continuing nationalism. –Constant use of patriotic mottos, slogans, symbols, songs, etc. –Flags are seen everywhere. Subordination to the State • Nothing is more important than the State (country) • It uses organized violence to suppress opposition. –Glorification of force. –Is anti-democratic. Cult of State Worship • The individual had no significance except as a member of the state. • The fascists were taught: – Credere! [to believe] – Obbedire! [to obey] – Combattere! [to fight] The Myth of Rebirth • Emphasis on a national or racial rebirth after a period of decline or destruction (such as the Great Depression and WWI) • Seeks to purge “alien” forces and groups that threaten the “pure” community. Militarism Identification of Enemies or Scapegoats as a Unifying Cause • The people are rallied into a unifying patriotic frenzy over the need to eliminate a perceived common threat or foe. • This foe could be racial, ethnic, a religious minority, liberals, communists, etc. Disdain for the Recognition of Human Rights • Because of the fear of enemies and the need for security, the people are persuaded that human rights can be ignored out of “need.” • People look the other way or even approve of torture, executions, long incarcerations of prisoners, assassinations, etc. The Fascist Family The Fascists encouraged the development of large families. Religion & Government Are Intertwined • Fascist governments tend to use the most common religion in the nation as a tool to manipulate public opinion. • They meld religious rhetoric, symbolism, mythology, etc., into their policies [appears to give a religious approval for government policies!] Disdain for Intellectuals & for the Arts • Open hostility to higher education and academia is promoted. • Professors and other academics are censored or arrested. • Free expression in the arts and letters is openly attacked. Controlled Mass Media Emphasis on Physical Fitness Fascism in Spain • Civil war in Spain: Italy and Germany supported General Francisco FrancoSpanish Fascist • 1939 Franco became dictator until 1970s • Guernica: Spanish village bombed by German planes The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939 Francisco Franco The Spanish Civil War: A Dress Rehearsal for WW II? Italian troops in Madrid “Guernica” Pablo Picasso Adolf Hitler “The Fuhrer” • Joined National Socialist German Worker’s Party (NAZI) in 1920 • Mein Kampf: set Hitler’s beliefs as later policy for nazi party • Great Depression gave him followers; nazi’s became largest political party • Economic and cultural control NAZI PROPAGANDA 1920-1945 “The greater the mass of men to be reached, the lower its intellectual level must be.” --Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf Techniques To convince the masses, Nazi’s must have a few points driven home through: • Simple slogans • Repeat them endlessly • Use of mass meetings to get people to feed off of one another; new members of the movement will feel a sense of belonging “I want to exploit film as an instrument of propaganda.” – Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Propaganda “It is possible by means of shrewd and unremitting propaganda to make people believe that heaven is hell- and hell heaven.” Hitler “The Fuhrer above all! Above the tremendous symphony of crowds, marching columns, meetings, commemorations, marches and congresses: his words on the present- for the future.” – Leni Riefenstahl “Europe’s victory is your prosperity” One People, One Nation, Our Fuhrer! The World Drifted Towards War Japan Invades Manchuria Japan challenged the League of Nations • 1931: Japan invaded Manchuria • Set up puppet gov’t in Manchuria (controlled by Japan) • Japan withdrew from League of Nations • War between China and Japan 1937 • Rape of Nanking: Japanese army executed 200,000 men, women and children as a show of force Mussolini meets Haile Selassie • Mussolini attacks Ethiopia to expand Italian empire • Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, appeals to League of Nations for help • “It is us today. It will be you tomorrow.” Hitler takes the Rhineland And joins with Mussolini and Japan1936 • Occupied the former buffer zone between France and Germany • Oct. 1936: Germany and Italy alliance called RomeBerlin Axis • Nov. 1936: Germany, Italy and Japan– Axis Powers • 1937: Hitler declares the need for Lebensraum: living space • Took Austria, 1938 • Majority of Austrians supported unity w/ Germany Munich Conference- Sept. 1938 The Sudetenland Munich Conference- 1938 • Hitler wanted the Sudetenland: area between Germany and Czechoslovakia with 3 million German speakers • Britain, France and Italy agreed to let Hitler take the Sudetenland, as long as he promised to respect Czech’s new borders • March 1939: Hitler attacks Czechoslovakia, looks to attack Poland • Munich Conference a symbol of appeasement and surrender THE TWO SIDES AXIS POWERS • Germany • Italy • Japan Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary joined in 1941 ALLIED FORCES • U.S. • Britain • Russia • Australia • Canada • China