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WORLD WAR I The War to end all Wars 1914-1918 Europe in 1860 • No Italy, No Germany, No Serbia- look at the size of the Ottoman and AustroHungarian Empire Serbia Europe in 1900 Belgium Russia Germany AustroHungary Ottoman empire The Players- A Shifting Balance of Power Allied Powers v. Central Powers Allied Powers Great Britain- The Powerhouse- Most Industrialized, Huge navy, many colonies- King Edward VI, power had already largely devolved to Parliament France- Political mess, France had lost the Franco-Prussian War (1870) and was paying Germany reparations (vocab. Word). - relatively industrialized - politically weak, - humiliated and fearful of GERMANY Russia- Two steps forward one back? - A vast country with several different regions, - poorly industrialized, most people were peasants. - political turmoil- failed Revolution in 1905 after losing war to Japan - lustily eyed the Ottoman Empire! Central Powers • Germany- Envious- the new kid on the block? – Nation-1870! – Industrial powerhouse, – Kaiser (King) Wilhelm II, cousins with British King Edward VI, wanted as strong a military as Britain, Tsar’s cousin too! • Austro-Hungary- Hodgepodge – Large empire with a huge mix of ethnicities and religions, • Military 14 different languages! – King Franz Josef was having a tough time keeping his Empire United so why not make it bigger? • Lustily eyed the Ottoman Empire • Ottoman Empire- Sick man of Europe – Defeated Eastern Roman Empire in 1453!!! – Political failures and economic problems. – The strength of other Western European countries caused the Empire to erode, • Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania already carved out Other Players • Italy- I’ll be your best friend if… – Nation 1861 – less industrialized and militarily weak. – Originally Allied w/Germany and Austria, after the War starts joins the Allied powers. – Wanted Austrian held- Italian areas (Venice) • Serbia– Independent nation (1878), sought to expand its borders. – Serbians like Russians are both Slavic (ethnicity) nations, Christian Orthodox • Belgium- THE BUFFER ZONE? – A small nation newly established in the 19th Century, – stay neutral and the other nations of Europe guaranteed that they wouldn’t do anything to harm that neutrality Europe and its ethnicities in 1914 Poland was not a country from approx 17931918 Serbians dominated areas outside of the Kingdom of Serbia Background-Alliances- The Triple Entente • Fearful of Germany, France and Russia sign an alliance in 1894 • As Germany’s navy increased in size, Britain signs an entente (not quite an alliance) with France and with Russia in 1907 The other Alliance- The Triple Alliance • In 1879, Germany formed an alliance with its “Germanic” neighbor to the south, Austria • 1887 Italy joins the Three Country Alliance • 1880s Ottoman Empire forms a friendship with Germany The Balkans- a Powdercake of Ethnicities and Religions • Ottoman Empire decline->Austro Hungarian Empire and Russia sought influence and power. • The area was near AustroHungary but closer in ethnicity and religion to Russia A modern day map The Beginnings- June 28th 1914 • Sarajevo- a City in what is now Bosnia Herzogovena – controlled by AustriaHungary – Large Serbian Population • Archduke Ferdinand is shot and killed by a Serbian nationalist-Assassin wants a GREATER SERBIA • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGUxP4ptNhs& feature=related Archduke (prince) Franz Ferdinand of Austro-Hungarian empire Ultimatum- A game of chicken? • Austria-Hungary leader Franz Josef- demands an investigation of his nephew’s murder, ->right to enter into Serbia, conduct an investigation!!! SOVERIEIGNTY???? • ->Austrian troops mount at the Border – Serbia agrees to most- Austria still declares war • Russia backs Serbia (both Slavic/Orthodox) Now both are enemies with Austria, – France allied with Russia • Germany, backs Austria AND declares war on Russia and France!!! –1.5 MONTHS LATER! War was MAINSly caused by the following: • • • • • Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Significant Individuals • Note: Gigantic lion’s “mains (sp?)”…lions are ferocious, just like war… The Schlieffen Plan- The German Plan for a quick victory • Created 20 years earlier, includes violating Belgian neutrality- when they do- Britain enters the War! • Italy bows Out- says Germany’s The agressor (maybe some other Reasons too???) War- A Chance for a man to prove himself • 40+ years elapsed since Europe’s last major conflict, • Huge militaries • War was GLORIOUSSSS. – Shouts of Joy emanated through the capitals of Vienna, Berlin, Paris and London as the War began Troops move to the Front Europe is mobilized On the Homefront • Total Mobilization- TOTAL WAR • This war will be DIFFERENT – Military Industrialization – Propaganda – Sacrifice at Home • War Bonds and Rationing Propaganda Russian Propaganda British Propaganda German Propaganda German Offensive moves deep into France • 40 miles from Paris, Germany is stopped. • Battle of the Marne (river) the Germans are pushed back Western Front stalemate • Industrialized killing – Battle of Verdun, World War I (21 Feb.-16 Dec. 1916): 305 000 • French: 162,308 dead or missing • German: 100,000 dead or missing • Total: 262,308 dead or missing – Battle of Somme, World War I (July-Sept. 1916): • Over 1 Million!!! Dead or injured – UK: 420,000 killed/wounded » 20,000 dead 1st day – Germany: 500,000 killed/wounded – France: 200,000 Killed/wounded – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uc8bjBZR-B0 Mediterranean- Along the Ottoman Front • Battle of Gallipoli 130 000 – UK: 18,000 killed – Aus.: 8,100 k – NZ: 2,700 k – India: 1,360 – France: 27,000 all casualty types – Turks: 86,700 – [TOTAL: ca. 123,600] Eastern Front • Tannenburg & Masurian Lakes, World War I (Aug.-Sept. 1914): – Russia: 267,000 casualties (137,000 POW) – German: 80,000 casualties Trench Warfare New Weaponry New Weaponry changed the nature of War • Mustard Gas- 1st used by Germany – Great Britain used it in what is now Iraq. Soldiers blinded by mustard gas Tanks, Airplanes, and Machine Guns First Air Battles- Limited Use War on the Seas • • • • Britain blockades German ports Germany retaliates with U-Boats America helps Britain- War Material 1915 Germans sink Lusitania, over 1000 were killed- (the ship was carrying war material) • US-Britain naval convoys • 1917- Germany Declares unrestricted Warfare on high SeasAmerica responds New Powerful Ships • Steel ships powered with coal and diesel • Turrets capable of sending shells long ranges Passenger Liner Lusitania • May 1915 • Over 1000 Died! - 139 Americans are killed as well • Ship was carrying War Material- violated the rules of war- only recently was this verifiedBritish denied it had material German U-Boats- Attacked shipping Russia in Turmoil • Russia-ill prepared for War – – – • • troops still on horseback insufficient train tracks to get troops to the front 1.7 MILLION RUSSIANS WERE KILLED IN WWI Communist Revolution– • Germany secretly sends Vladimir Lenin back to Russia- March 1917- Russian Czar (King) is removed from Power New Communist Government signs Treaty with Germany- • – – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Russians- lose 25% of their territory to Germany American Troops bring new life • 1917 America Intercepts a telegram from Germany to the Mexican Embassy (Zimmerman Telegram)• President Wilson also objects to unrestricted attacks by U-boats The End of the War is Near • American forces tip the balance-even though Germany no longer has to fight an Eastern Front- American forces were entering the war at 250,000 troops a month! • Ottomans and Austria-Hungary falling apart • 11/9/18- Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates • November 11 (Veteran’s Day) – Armistice signed- End of the War! Total War Deaths WWI • First World War (1914-18): 15 000 000 military and civilian • : 8,500,000 military deaths. – – – – – – – – – – – Austria-Hungary: 1,100,000 Belgium: 13,716 Britain & Empire: 908,371 France & Empire: 1,327,000 Germany: 1,773,700 Italy: 460,000 Romania: 219,800 Russia: 1,700,000 Serbia: 45,000 Turkey: 236,000 USA: 50,585 WWI Ends IN FLANDERS FIELDS the poppies blow Between the crosses row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid te guns below. We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields. Influenza- 1917 Pandemic • Millions die in the Influenza epidemic of 1917- More die in the epidemic than the WAR! • Troops at the Front are exhausted- and sick! AN ESTIMATED 20 MILLION DIE IN THE INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC!!!MORE THAN IN WORLD WAR I – An “Unfair Treaty”???? • Britain, France and US attempt to make a Treaty – British Prime Minister- Lloyd George – French Prime Minister- George Clemenceau – American President- Woodrow Wilson • French - Want Pay Back for Germany starting the War and the Humiliation of the Franco-Prussian War (1870) Lloyd George, George Clemenceau and Woodrow Wilson Now that’s a Moustache!!! US President Wilson wants a lasting Peace • 14 POINTS – League of Nations (forerunner of United Nation) – No Secret Treaties – Right of people for Self-Determination (choose their own Government) – Freedom of the Seas – Reduce the Size of Armies – Treat Colonies more fairly The Actual Treaty • Germany gives up lots of land (13%) – Pays reparations- LOTS OF MONEY! – Gives up Colonies – Reduces its armies and creates a demilitarized zone in the West – Made to cry UNCLE- Germany accepts it was the cause of the WAR! Germany 1920- purple areas are lost lands Other Results of the Treaties • new nations- carved out – from Germany and Austria-Hungary, as well as changes in the borders of neighboring countries • • • • POLAND HUNGARY CZECHOSLOVAKIA YUGOSLAVIA • Russia lost land TOO! 4 new countries! – Finland – Estonia – Lithuania and Latvia are created • Ottoman Empire divided up by Britain and France, new territories – Palestine, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon and yes! IRAQ – Turkey becomes remnant of the Ottoman Empire • League of Nations is created- but is a extremely weak institution Ottoman Empire after WWII Independ ent but largely British controlled French British British and Egyptian In french