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WORLD WAR I
The War to end all Wars
1914-1918
Europe in 1860
• No Italy, No Germany, No Serbia- look at
the size of the Ottoman and AustroHungarian Empire
Serbia
Europe in 1900
Belgium
Russia
Germany
AustroHungary
Ottoman empire
The Players- A Shifting Balance of Power
Allied Powers v. Central Powers
Allied Powers
Great Britain- The Powerhouse- Most Industrialized, Huge navy,
many colonies- King Edward VI, power had already largely
devolved to Parliament
France- Political mess, France had lost the Franco-Prussian War
(1870) and was paying Germany reparations (vocab. Word). - relatively industrialized
- politically weak,
- humiliated and fearful of GERMANY
Russia- Two steps forward one back?
- A vast country with several different regions,
- poorly industrialized, most people were peasants.
- political turmoil- failed Revolution in 1905 after losing war
to Japan
- lustily eyed the Ottoman Empire!
Central Powers
• Germany- Envious- the new kid on the block?
– Nation-1870!
– Industrial powerhouse,
– Kaiser (King) Wilhelm II, cousins with British King Edward
VI, wanted as strong a military as Britain, Tsar’s cousin too!
• Austro-Hungary- Hodgepodge
– Large empire with a huge mix of ethnicities and religions,
• Military 14 different languages!
– King Franz Josef was having a tough time keeping his
Empire United so why not make it bigger?
• Lustily eyed the Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman Empire- Sick man of Europe
– Defeated Eastern Roman Empire in 1453!!!
– Political failures and economic problems.
– The strength of other Western European countries caused
the Empire to erode,
• Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania already carved out
Other Players
• Italy- I’ll be your best friend if…
– Nation 1861
– less industrialized and militarily weak.
– Originally Allied w/Germany and Austria, after the War starts
joins the Allied powers.
– Wanted Austrian held- Italian areas (Venice)
• Serbia– Independent nation (1878), sought to expand its borders.
– Serbians like Russians are both Slavic (ethnicity) nations,
Christian Orthodox
• Belgium- THE BUFFER ZONE?
– A small nation newly established in the 19th Century,
– stay neutral and the other nations of Europe guaranteed
that they wouldn’t do anything to harm that neutrality
Europe and its ethnicities in 1914
Poland
was not a
country
from
approx
17931918
Serbians
dominated
areas
outside of
the
Kingdom of
Serbia
Background-Alliances-
The Triple Entente
• Fearful of Germany, France and Russia
sign an alliance in 1894
• As Germany’s navy increased in size,
Britain signs an entente (not quite an
alliance) with France and with Russia in
1907
The other Alliance- The Triple
Alliance
• In 1879, Germany formed an alliance with its
“Germanic” neighbor to the south, Austria
• 1887 Italy joins the Three Country Alliance
• 1880s Ottoman Empire forms a friendship with
Germany
The Balkans- a Powdercake of
Ethnicities and Religions
• Ottoman Empire
decline->Austro
Hungarian
Empire and
Russia sought
influence and
power.
• The area was
near AustroHungary but
closer in ethnicity
and religion to
Russia
A modern day map
The Beginnings- June 28th 1914
• Sarajevo- a City in what is
now Bosnia Herzogovena
– controlled by AustriaHungary
– Large Serbian Population
• Archduke Ferdinand is shot
and killed by a Serbian
nationalist-Assassin wants
a GREATER SERBIA
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGUxP4ptNhs&
feature=related
Archduke (prince)
Franz Ferdinand of
Austro-Hungarian
empire
Ultimatum- A game of
chicken?
• Austria-Hungary leader Franz Josef- demands
an investigation of his nephew’s murder, ->right
to enter into Serbia, conduct an investigation!!!
SOVERIEIGNTY????
• ->Austrian troops mount at the Border
– Serbia agrees to most- Austria still declares war
• Russia backs Serbia (both Slavic/Orthodox) Now
both are enemies with Austria,
– France allied with Russia
• Germany, backs Austria AND declares war on
Russia and France!!! –1.5 MONTHS LATER!
War was MAINSly caused by the
following:
•
•
•
•
•
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
Significant Individuals
• Note: Gigantic lion’s
“mains (sp?)”…lions are
ferocious, just like war…
The Schlieffen Plan- The German
Plan for a quick victory
• Created 20 years earlier, includes violating
Belgian neutrality- when they do- Britain
enters the War!
• Italy bows Out- says
Germany’s The agressor
(maybe some other
Reasons too???)
War- A Chance for a man to prove
himself
• 40+ years elapsed since Europe’s last
major conflict,
• Huge militaries
• War was GLORIOUSSSS.
– Shouts of Joy emanated through the capitals
of Vienna, Berlin, Paris and London as the
War began
Troops move to the Front
Europe is mobilized
On the Homefront
• Total Mobilization- TOTAL WAR
• This war will be DIFFERENT
– Military Industrialization
– Propaganda
– Sacrifice at Home
• War Bonds and Rationing
Propaganda
Russian Propaganda
British Propaganda
German Propaganda
German Offensive moves deep into
France
• 40 miles from
Paris, Germany
is stopped.
• Battle of the
Marne (river) the
Germans are
pushed back
Western
Front
stalemate
• Industrialized killing
– Battle of Verdun, World War I (21 Feb.-16 Dec.
1916): 305 000
• French: 162,308 dead or missing
• German: 100,000 dead or missing
• Total: 262,308 dead or missing
– Battle of Somme, World War I (July-Sept. 1916):
• Over 1 Million!!! Dead or injured
– UK: 420,000 killed/wounded
» 20,000 dead 1st day
– Germany: 500,000 killed/wounded
– France: 200,000 Killed/wounded
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uc8bjBZR-B0
Mediterranean- Along the Ottoman
Front
• Battle of Gallipoli 130 000
– UK: 18,000 killed
– Aus.: 8,100 k
– NZ: 2,700 k
– India: 1,360
– France: 27,000 all casualty types
– Turks: 86,700
– [TOTAL: ca. 123,600]
Eastern Front
• Tannenburg & Masurian Lakes, World
War I (Aug.-Sept. 1914):
– Russia: 267,000 casualties (137,000 POW)
– German: 80,000 casualties
Trench Warfare
New Weaponry
New Weaponry changed the nature of
War
• Mustard Gas- 1st used by Germany
– Great Britain used it in what is now Iraq.
Soldiers blinded by mustard gas
Tanks, Airplanes, and Machine
Guns
First Air Battles- Limited Use
War on the Seas
•
•
•
•
Britain blockades German ports
Germany retaliates with U-Boats
America helps Britain- War Material
1915 Germans sink Lusitania, over 1000 were
killed- (the ship was carrying war material)
• US-Britain naval convoys
• 1917- Germany Declares
unrestricted Warfare on
high SeasAmerica responds
New Powerful Ships
• Steel ships powered
with coal and diesel
• Turrets capable of
sending shells long
ranges
Passenger
Liner
Lusitania
• May 1915
• Over 1000 Died! - 139 Americans are killed as
well
• Ship was carrying War Material- violated the
rules of war- only recently was this verifiedBritish denied it had material
German U-Boats- Attacked
shipping
Russia in
Turmoil
•
Russia-ill prepared for War –
–
–
•
•
troops still on horseback
insufficient train tracks to get troops to the front
1.7 MILLION RUSSIANS WERE KILLED IN WWI
Communist Revolution–
•
Germany secretly sends Vladimir Lenin back to Russia-
March 1917- Russian Czar (King) is removed from
Power
New Communist Government signs Treaty with
Germany-
•
–
–
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Russians- lose 25% of their territory to Germany
American Troops
bring new life
• 1917 America Intercepts a telegram
from Germany to the Mexican
Embassy (Zimmerman Telegram)• President Wilson also objects to
unrestricted attacks by U-boats
The End of the War is Near
• American forces tip the balance-even
though Germany no longer has to fight
an Eastern Front- American forces
were entering the war at 250,000 troops a
month!
• Ottomans and Austria-Hungary falling
apart
• 11/9/18- Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates
• November 11 (Veteran’s Day) – Armistice
signed- End of the War!
Total War Deaths
WWI
• First World War (1914-18): 15 000 000 military and
civilian
• : 8,500,000 military deaths.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Austria-Hungary: 1,100,000
Belgium: 13,716
Britain & Empire: 908,371
France & Empire: 1,327,000
Germany: 1,773,700
Italy: 460,000
Romania: 219,800
Russia: 1,700,000
Serbia: 45,000
Turkey: 236,000
USA: 50,585
WWI Ends
IN FLANDERS FIELDS the poppies
blow
Between the crosses row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid te guns below.
We are the Dead. Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset
glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we
lie
In Flanders fields.
Take up our quarrel with the foe:
To you from failing hands we throw
The torch; be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep, though poppies
grow
In Flanders fields.
Influenza- 1917 Pandemic
• Millions die in the Influenza
epidemic of 1917- More die
in the epidemic than the
WAR!
• Troops at the Front are
exhausted- and sick!
AN ESTIMATED 20 MILLION DIE IN THE INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC!!!MORE THAN IN WORLD WAR I –
An “Unfair
Treaty”????
• Britain, France and US attempt to make a
Treaty
– British Prime Minister- Lloyd George
– French Prime Minister- George Clemenceau
– American President- Woodrow Wilson
• French - Want Pay Back for Germany
starting the War and the Humiliation of the
Franco-Prussian War (1870)
Lloyd George, George Clemenceau
and Woodrow Wilson
Now that’s a Moustache!!!
US President Wilson wants a
lasting Peace
• 14 POINTS
– League of Nations (forerunner of United
Nation)
– No Secret Treaties
– Right of people for Self-Determination
(choose their own Government)
– Freedom of the Seas
– Reduce the Size of Armies
– Treat Colonies more fairly
The Actual Treaty
• Germany gives up lots of land (13%)
– Pays reparations- LOTS OF MONEY!
– Gives up Colonies
– Reduces its armies and creates a
demilitarized zone in the West
– Made to cry UNCLE- Germany accepts it was
the cause of the WAR!
Germany 1920- purple areas are
lost lands
Other Results of the Treaties
• new nations- carved out
– from Germany and Austria-Hungary, as well as changes in the
borders of neighboring countries
•
•
•
•
POLAND
HUNGARY
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
YUGOSLAVIA
• Russia lost land TOO! 4 new countries!
– Finland
– Estonia
– Lithuania and Latvia are created
• Ottoman Empire divided up by Britain and France, new
territories
– Palestine, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon and yes! IRAQ
– Turkey becomes remnant of the Ottoman Empire
• League of Nations is created- but is a extremely weak
institution
Ottoman Empire after WWII
Independ
ent but
largely
British
controlled
French
British
British
and
Egyptian
In
french