Download BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES

Buildings and Structures 1
Building Types and
Components
Aim
To provide students with information
that will enable them to recognise
the basic types of building design
and the principal components.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session students will be
able to:
• State the most commonly used construction types
• Identify types of doors, windows and roof lights
commonly used
• List the principal components of a staircase
• List the types of roof commonly found.
Types of buildings
• Solid or ‘traditional’ construction
• Structural steel frame construction
• Reinforced concrete construction
• Modular system construction
• Liftslab construction.
Solid construction
• Solid load bearing walls
• Set back at upper floors
• Commonly made of brick, concrete blocks
or stone
• Cast iron columns
• Cast iron or timber beams
• Warehouses, mills, factories and offices.
Buildings and structures.
Structural steel
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High number of design options
Skeletal framework often complex
Loads carried by beams
Structure is covered by cladding
Large use of glass, polycarbonate and
plastic
• Large shopping centres, sports centres
and multi-storey offices.
Structural steel.
Main beams
Roof spans between main beams
Tie Beam
Secondary beam
Floor spans between main beams
Stanchions
Reinforced concrete
• Alternative to steel frame
• Columns support beams on which are
laid slab flooring sections
• Columns, beams and slabs integrally
cast to form a monolithic structure
• Two common methods of construction.
Reinforced concrete(1)
Pre cast reinforced concrete frame
• Factory produced frame components
• Transported for assembly on site
• Similar techniques to steel frame.
Reinforced concrete(2)
Composite construction
• Utilises the advantages of modern
lightweight structural steelwork
• ‘Marriage’ between steelwork & pre cast
concrete columns.
Composite construction
Concrete
Spine beam
Gable
columns
Steel
Spine
beam.
‘PCR’ concrete frame.
Modular structures
• Pre fabricated components
• High design flexibility
• Specially designed connectors
• Encased in concrete to provide a
degree of fire and corrosion protection.
Modular building.
Typical modular connector.
Lift slab construction
• Building framework formed by columns
• Hydraulic rams used to lift roof then
floors into position
• Height can be increased by ‘splicing’ on
additional sections of column.
Early phase of ‘Slab’ construction.
2nd Phase ‘Slab’ construction.
Doors, windows and rooflights
Types of door
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Hinged
Swing
Revolving
Sliding
Folding
Cantilever
Roller shutter.
Hinged doors
• Most commonly found type
• All close against a rebate on the door jamb
• Four commonly found types
Flush
Panelled
Ledged
Metal.
Swing doors
• Pin hinges allow door to swing in any direction
• Door jamb not fitted with a rebate
• Often partially glazed using wired glass or
copper glazing bars
• Found in restaurants, department stores and
hotels.
Revolving doors
• Present an obstruction to firefighting
operations unless dealt with
• Usually 4 or 2 ‘wings’
• Designed to be collapsed down
• Essential they are used in conjunction
with a hinged door.
Sliding doors
• Solid or lattice construction
• Widely used in commercial buildings
• Can slide on one or both sides of an
opening or into a central recess
• Lattice type usually for security or to
protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.
Folding doors
• Usually lightweight construction
• Similar in design to hinged doors
• Two or more leaves hinged together
• Whole door opens to one side only
• Often used to separate two rooms.
Cantilever doors
• Door is counter balanced and pivoted so
it rises upwards
• Lies horizontal when open
• Generally fits flush to the opening when
closed
• Usually found on garages.
Roller shutters
• Nearly always made of steel
• Small examples can be raised by hand
• Large examples usually operated by
means of gearing and handle or chain
and block
• Usually found on commercial premises.
Windows
• Allow natural light into a building
• Serve to provide ventilation to rooms
• Generally two types, referred to
according to the method of opening
Casement
Sash.
Casement windows
• The simplest form consists of a rectangular
frame with the casement hung on it
• When more than one casement can be
opened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light
casement.
VENTLIGHT
TRANSOM.
FRAME
CASEMENT
DEADLIGHT
Sash windows
• Pivoted sash - opening part supported by
pivots at each side of opening part of
window or top and bottom
• The term ‘SASH’ refers to the opening
portion and includes the glass and the
surround
• Partially inside and outside of opening
when open.
Sash windows
Sliding sash windows
• Slide vertically
• Double hung is the common form of this type of
sash, both sashes slide vertically in the frame
• Another type consists of two sashes, one or
both of which can be opened horizontally.
STAIRS AND ROOFS
Stairs
Common materials;
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Wood
Stone
Pre cast concrete
Steel
Composite.
Stairs
RISER
NOSING
TREAD
CAPPING
STRING
BEARER
HEADROOM
BANNISTER
RISE
NEWEL
POST
GOING
RUN
PITCH LINE
SPANDREL
Confirmation
Assessments will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note
Learning Outcomes
• The most commonly used construction types
• The types of doors, windows and roof lights
commonly used
• The principal components of a staircase
• The types of roof commonly found.
THE END