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Warm-Up What do the Jewish people believe in? SS7G8.c Compare And Contrast The Three Main Religions • Judaism • Vocabulary • Monotheism – Belief in one God. • Descendents – Family members • About Judaism • 1st Monotheistic religion in the world • Over 4000 years old • Started by Abraham and his decedents. • Worshiped a God named Jehovah / Yahweh • Symbol is the Star of David • Writings and literature • Torah – Name of religious writing. The first 5 books of the Bible. • Synagogue/Temple – Place of worship • Rabbi – Religious leaders • Sabbath – Religious observance day. All day Saturday. • What Jews Believe • Believe in one God, creator of the universe • Religious book is Torah • 1st 5 books of the bible • Moses primary author • Includes 10 commandments • Torah • Religious book • 1st 5 books of the bible • Moses primary author • Includes 10 commandments • Old Testament Characters • Adam and Eve – Creation story • Noah – Destruction of the earth • Abraham – Started Worshiping God Created the Nation of Israel • Moses – Saved Israellites from Egyptian slavery • David – Killed Goliath first king of Israel Exit Questions • 1. What is monotheism? • 2. Who is responsible for starting the Jewish religion? • 3. What is the Torah? • 4. When is the Sabbath? • 5. What are the 10 commandments? Warm-Up • What is monotheism and how is it different polytheism? • Hebrew / Jewish History • 12tribes make up Hebrew • Lived in Cannan modern Israel • Forced into slavery by Egyptians • Moses led them out of slavery (called Exodus) • Went back to Israel • Called Jews after largest tribe Judah • Judah and Modern Israel • David becomes king • Makes capital Jerusalem • Later King Saul builds the Temple • Both the Babylonian and Romans take over area • 70 A.D. temple is destroyed As a people, Jews are… • A nation in Diaspora (dispersed) • 15 – 16 million in worldwide population • United by a common heritage (an “ethnic” religion), divided in contemporary practice: – Orthodox: – Reformed (18th century Germany) – Conservative – moderates, response to reform As a way of life, Judaism is based on… • 613 commandments found in Torah (“Written Law”) – Dietary rules – Dress and other symbols – Prayer and devotion to the one God – The Temple and Temple rites – Observance of Holy days – Proper social relations between male and female, in business, judicial rulings, etc How does Judaism sanctify time? The Jewish Holidays: • High Holidays: – Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year) – Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) • Chanukah, the “Festival of Lights” • Pesach (“Passover”) – commemorates the exodus from Egypt (events told in Exodus) • Judaism & Christianity • Judaism predates Christianity – it is the foundation of Christianity but is not a part of it • Jesus and Apostles were Jewish • Jew believe Jesus was a prophet but not Messiah • Jews are not concerned about salvation and the “world to come” Exit Question • 1. What is the Diaspora? • 2. Name one Jewish holiday. • 3. What do the Jewish people think about Jesus? • 4. What is the symbol of Judaism? • 5. What does “Chanukah” stand for? Christianity SS7G8.C Compare and Contrast The three Main Religions • Enter Jesus • Christianity followers of Jesus • began in Judea / Israel • Leader Jesus • Born a Jew at about 4 B.C. • Parents, Mary & Joseph, • Lived in Nazareth. • Christians call Mary the Virgin Mary. • Christians believe Jesus is the “Son of God” • Many believe Jesus’ birth fulfilled a prophecy that a virgin would give birth to the Messiah • Jesus began his ministry in Galilee, north of Judea, when he was in his early 30’s. • The Gospels contain stories about his birth in the city of Bethlehem. • Life of Jesus • Jesus attracted disciples / followers • preached, performed miracles, & criticizing the Jewish authorities. • Jesus preached about the coming of the Kingdom of God, meaning an eternally just and peaceful state of affairs. • Kingdom of God = heaven • Believed to be the “Son of God” • Easter Story • The Romans, who governed Judea, executed Jesus about A.D. 30 by crucifixion. • Later, his followers found his tomb empty and believed Jesus had risen from the dead. • Followers of Christ • Jesus’ disciples spread his teachings throughout the Roman Empire • organized churches. • New religion open to all and not just Jews Exit Questions • 1. What do Christians believe Jesus is? • 2. What religion was Jesus? • 3. How old was Jesus when he started his ministry? • 4. How did Jesus die? • 4. What happened to Jesus after his death that made people believe he was the Messiah? Warm-Up • What event ended the life of Jesus? • Early Christians / Martyrs • The first Christians believed that Jesus would return soon, • They refused to honor Roman gods, which the Romans believed could anger the gods and thus endanger the empire. • Some Roman emperors had early Christians arrested, imprisoned, and even killed. • Some Christians welcomed the chance to become martyrs (individuals who suffered or died for their faith). • Spread of Christianity • During the first century A.D., Christianity spread rapidly throughout the Mediterranean region. • important Christian cities, include – Alexandria, Egypt; – Antioch, in present-day Turkey; – Jerusalem, in present-day Israel; – Rome. • End of Persecution • 313 Edict of Milan • Ends persecution of Christians • Religious tolerance throughout the empire • Writings of Christianity • Most early Christians accepted the books of the Jewish Bible as inspired by God and made them part of the Christian Bible. • They also added their own writings to the canon—that is, the official list of books of the Bible. • Facts about Christianity • Followers of Christianity are called Christians • approximately 2 billion Christians worldwide • Most Christians can be found in – Europe, – North and South America – Africa • holy book is called The Bible • The religious laws of Christians are called “Cannon Law” • The people who teach Christian beliefs are – – – – Priests, Ministers, Pastors, Bishops • The religious buildings of Christians are referred to as – Church, – Chapel – Cathedral • The holy Day (Sabbath) for most Christians is Sunday Exit Questions • 1. What region did early Christianity spread through? • 2. What religion is the base of Christianity? • 3. What areas are Christian in the world? • 4. What is the holy book of Christianity called? • 5. What are the laws of Christianity called? Origins of Islam • Story of Prophet Mohammed • He was born to Arab parents from the tribe of Quraish, in Mecca. • The Quraish worshiped 360 gods. They believed these gods will get them closer to the God of gods (Allah). • His parents died very early. • He never worshiped Idols, drank Alcohol or lied. • He worked as a shepherd and then as a trader. • Known to people in Mecca as “the Honest”. • Story of Prophet Mohammed • Arab tribes had multiple wars with the prophet and Muslims. • Finally, victory was for Islam and Mecca fell into the hands of the prophet. • He forgave all his enemies and soon, his followers became in hundreds of thousands. • He died at the age of 63. • Spread of Islam • Following Mohammad’s death a series of Caliphs (religious political rulers) came to power • Muslim tribal armies spread out of Arabia to destroy and convert conquering Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, and Iran and establishing an Islamic empire. • Spread of Islam • From 661–750 the Islamic Empire pushed the boundaries of Muslim conquest as far west as Spain and east to the borders of India. • Islamic capital moved to Baghdad • Islamic thought, the arts, and literature were at their apogee. • the Mongols sacked the city of Baghdad in 1258 • Allah • Monotheistic • Allah is Arabic for God • Used by Muslims • Allah – the one God Exit Questions • 1. Who is the founder of Islam? • 2. Where was he born? • 3. What did he do when he captured Mecca? • 4. What is a Caliph? • 5. What does Allah mean in Arabic? Quran(Koran): The Holy Book • Koran • Holy Book • Original intact as given by the Prophet in Arabic • 114 Chapters • Teaches what a Muslim must do • 5 Pillars of Islam • Profession of Faith (Shahadah) • Prayers (Salah) • Charity (Zakat) • Fasting ( Sawm) • Pilgrimage (Hajj) • Profession of Faith (Shahadah) • The Shahadah is the basic creed or tenet of Islam: • "I testify that there is no god but Allah, and I testify that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah". • This is the most important pillar • Ideally, it is the first words a newborn will hear, and children are taught as soon as they are able to understand it and it will be recited when they die. • Muslims must repeat the shahadah in prayer Prayers (Salah) • Prayers (Salah) • Five Daily Prayers from Dawn to Late Evening regulate a Muslim’s day • Face Kabah, prayers in Arabic as taught by the Prophet. • Additional Prayers optional • Charity (Zakat) • Required 2.5% charity on yearly savings • A Muslim must be a charitable person • Removing a stone from the road is charity • Greeting with a smile is a charity Exit Questions • Fasting (Sawm) • Ramadan is 9th month in Islamic Lunar calendar • Daily dawn to sunset fast for 29/30 days (no food or drink) • Done to show sacrifice Mohammad made when he received his revelations • Eidul-Fitr Holiday at the end • Pilgrimage (Hajj) • About 2-3 million Muslims perform Hajj each year from all over the world. • Every Muslim at least once in their life must make a pilgrimage to Mecca • Forbidden Food • Meat of animals found dead • blood • the flesh of swine (pigs) • Alcoholic beverages (such as beer and wine) and intoxicants (illegal drugs) Forbidden in Islam • • • • • • • • • Shirk: worshiping anybody/anything other than God. Treating parents badly: not obeying there orders, speaking to them in loud voice even if they have a different faith. (Same as with your teachers) murder, suicide. Stealing. Adultery, homosexuality. Usury: Mortgage, credit card with interest, bank interest. Gambling. Treating neighbors badly even if they have a different faith. Backbiting. • Behavioral aspects Muslims should: • Love Allah, his messengers and the believers. • Be honest. • Be generous. • Visit the ill. • Help the weak. • Smile to others. • Be clean. • Remove dirt from the road. • Dress conservatively. Exit Questions • World Muslims • 1.2 billion, Muslims represent between 19.2% and 22% of the world's population. • One of every five persons in the world is a Muslim • Second largest religion in the world World Distribution of Muslims Africa 308,660,000 27.4% Asia 778,362,000 69.1% Europe 32,032,000 2.8% Latin America 1,356,000 0.1% North America 5,530,000 0.5% World 1,126,325,000 100% Source: Britannica Yearbook • American Muslims • 6 million • About 40% AfroAmerican • Not all Muslims are Arabs, Not all Arabs are Muslims • American Muslims • 5.8 million Muslims in the USA • About 40% African Americans. • Not all Muslims are Arabs, Not all Arabs are Muslims.