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The Great Abrahamic Religions: Why are they referred to as Abrahamic traditions? The Abraham referenced in the Hebrew Bible (Torah) IS The Abraham referenced in the Christian Bible AND IS The Abraham referenced in the Quran. Abraham was the Patriarch of each tradition. Judaism • ONE GOD KNOWN AS: •Elohim, Adonai in ancient times •Modern Judaism: •Eloheynu (Our God) •HaShem (The Name) •MOSES WAS “FOUNDING” PROPHET • APPROX DATE OF ORIGIN – 2000 BCE • JERUSALEM IS THE HOLY CITY •Jewish Symbol: • Ancient = Menorah •Modern = Star of David Judaism Largest Forms of Judaism: •Orthodox •Oldest •Most conservative •Reform •Liberal •Late 18th Century CE •Allows for Individual discernment regarding observance of laws and traditions •Conservative •Newest (19th Century CE) •Founded in response to Reform movement JEWISH SACRED SCRIPTURES The Tanakh (TNK) - known as the Hebrew Bible (aka the Old Testament by Christians) 3 groups of books: • the Torah (aka Pentateuch): 613 Commandments NOT only 10 ( 248 Do’s and 365 Do Not’s ) • the Nevi'im: (the Kings) • the Ketuvim, (the Writings) A portion of the 4th C CE Codex Sinaiticus, containing Esther 2:3-8. JEWISH SACRED SCRIPTURES The Talmud - stories, laws, medical knowledge, debates about moral choices, etc. and comes mainly from 3 sources: •Midrash – Critical Interpretation of TNK •Mishnah - hundreds of chapters •includes many laws from the Hebrew Scriptures •compiled about 200 CE. •Gemara – encyclopedic and evolving •Includes comments from hundreds of Rabbis from 200 - 500 CE •Elaborates/reflects on the Mishnah with additional historical, religious, legal, sociological, etc. material Jewish Worship •Place of worship is a Synagogue •Day of Worship is Saturday (“the Sabbath”) •Prescribed Charity (Tzedakah) = 10 % The interior of the Sadoun Synagogue Fez, Morocco. Who is Jesus of Nazareth within Judaism? •Great Moral Teacher •NOT the Messiah The Good Life Rituals and Behavior •Infant Circumcision (8 days old) •Reading/studying the Torah •Observing the Law •Bar Mitzvah/Bat Mitzvah – 12 y.o. •Regularly attending Synagogue •Regularly observing the Sabbath as the day of rest Main Jewish Holy Days •Passover, or Pesach - Jews' deliverance out of slavery in Egypt circa 1300 BCE. •Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year • Yom Kippur is a day of fasting until sundown. •Sukkoth (Feast of Booths) is an 8 day harvest festival; a time of thanksgiving. •Hanukkah (Feast of Lights) is an 8 day feast of dedication. •Purim (Feast of Lots) recalls the defeat by Queen Esther of the plan to slaughter all of the Persian Jews, circa 400 BCE. •Shavout (Feast of Weeks) recalls God's revelation of the Torah to the Jewish people through Moses. Christianity ONE GOD: “FATHER” “LORD” “CREATOR” •God exists as Spirit (Incorporeal) •God as a Trinity-a single entity with three personalities: the Father, Son and Holy Spirit OR Creator, Redeemer, and Sustainer JESUS WAS “FOUNDING” PROPHET APPROX DATE OF ORIGIN – 30 CE JERUSALEM IS THE HOLY CITY Symbol = CRUCIFIX, CROSS LIFE AFTER DEATH? NO - Ancient Jewish beliefs did not include any Life after Death YES – some modern forms of Judaism •Not immediately following death •After the Messiah comes •Resurrection of the Dead Many forms of Christianity Catholic Eastern/Russian/Oriental Orthodox Protestant – formed by Martin Luther (a Catholic Priest) during 16th Century CE Reformation i.e. Puritans, Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Lutheran, Congregational, Quakers, Episcopal, Latter Day Saints, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Seventh Day Adventists, and numerous others CHRISTIAN SACRED SCRIPTURES The Bible •Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) – 39 “books” (up to 10 additional books for Roman Catholic, Orthodox) •New Testament - 27 “books” * Exclusive to Latter Day Saints (aka Mormons): •The Book of Mormon – Joseph Smith •Pearl of Great Price •Doctrine and Covenants A fragment of possibly the oldest copy of the Gospel of Mark dated approx 50 CE •Place of worship is called Church (Eklesia in Greek) •Day of Worship is Sunday •Prescribed charity (Tithe) = 10% CHRISTIAN WORSHIP a smaller modest sanctuary Who is Jesus of Nazareth to Christians? •The Son of God – the “only” Son of God, the 2nd personality in the Trinity, sinless, immortal •The Jewish Messiah referenced in the OT •The Final Sacrifice •Exemplar •God Incarnate The Good Life The Sacraments 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Catholic Baptism Reconciliation Communion Confirmation Holy Orders Marriage Annointing of the Sick Protestant 1. Baptism 2. Confirmation 3. Communion Life after Death Day of Judgment followed by Heaven or Hell* Heaven = eternity with God, Jesus, saints, loved ones who passed before you Second Coming of Christ - crucial to Resurrection of the Dead * Hell may be thought of as a place or a state of being…depending on your Christian bent. Main Christian Holy Days •Christmas – celebrates the birth of Jesus of Nazareth (aka Jesus Christ) •Easter – commemorates the death and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth (aka Jesus Christ) •Pentecost – commemorates the first time the Holy Spirit was recognized via “speaking in tongues” Who knows why “Good Friday” is called “Good Friday?” ISLAM •Allah – means “God” in Arabic •Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) •did not completely reject Judaism and Christianity, but said that he had been sent by God in order to complete and perfect those teachings…”God’s final prophet” •Date of Origin = 622 C.E. •Holy City is Mecca •Symbol = Crescent and Star Forms of Islam •Sunni •Shiite •Sufi – mystic based Islamic sect •The Sunni/Shiite split is based on disagreement over the successor of Muhammad (pbuh) SACRED SCRIPTURES Quran - Muslims also call the Qur'an the "Final Testament", "The Book", "Book of God" and "The Revelation.“ •Received by Muhammad (pbuh) from Archangel Gabriel on Mountain •“Read!” “Read!” “Recite!” •Literal words of God •114 Suras (chapters) •Includes several stories from Hebrew Bible •Arabic text is ONLY divine scripture •The written Quran was compiled and recorded several decades after the death of the Prophet (pbuh) Page from a Quran 'Umar-i Aqta' Iran, present-day Afghanistan, Timurid dynasty, circa 1400 CE Additional SACRED SCRIPTURES Sunnah •Hadith – deeds and sayings of the Prophet (pbuh) •Siras - biography of the Prophet (pbuh) Muslim mosques Muslim Prayer Room Who is Jesus of Nazareth to Muslims? •Second to last Prophet and Messenger of God before Muhammad (pbuh) •One of God’s most beloved messengers •NOT the Son of God •Human, NOT Divine The Good Life ~ The 5 Pillars ~ 1. The Shahadah – “There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His Prophet.” 2. Salat (Prayer) – 5 times per day *preceded by Ablution 3. Zukot (Charity) – 2.5% for the wealthy working man 10 – 20 % for farmers The poor do not have to pay Zukot 4. Sawm – Ramadan fasting 5. Haj – pilgramage to Mecca, once in ones lifetime, if possible The Good Life ~ The unofficial 6th pillar ~ Jihad - Most misunderstood tenet of Islam by nonMuslims • Greater – the internal struggle toward living a holy life according to the Quran • Lesser – “holy war”-primarily observed by fundamental radical Muslims Life after death Day of Judgment followed by Heaven or Hell •Various levels of both •According to greater/lesser deeds/sins The only sin beyond repentence is “Shirk”: Worshipping anything/anyone other than Allah Muslims believe that anyone with “one atom of faith” will eventually reach Heaven. Main Islamic holy days •Mawlid al-Nabi: celebration of Muhammad’s (pbuh) birthday •Laylat Al-Isra wa Al-Miraj (Isra wa Al-Miraj): to commemorate “the night journey and ascension”- Muhammad’s (pbuh) ascension to Heaven and prayed with Abraham, Moses, and Jesus in Jerusalem’s Al-Aqsa mosque •Ramadan – holiest time of year, fasting all day for a month •Eid Al-Adhha: ”feast of sacrifice” to commemorate Abraham’s attempt to sacrifice his son Ishmael upon God’s orders – typical time of year to make Haj •Yom Arafat: Muslims gather in local mosques for prayer and solidarity •Laylat Al-Baraa: “night of repentance” Killing in the name of God in your lifetime Judaism – Dr. Baruch Goldstein’s attack at the Tomb of the Patriarchs on February 24, 1994 29 DIED Christianity– Timothy McVeigh bombed the Oklahoma Federal building on April 19, 1995 168 DIED Islam – Radical Muslims attack New York’s Twin Towers on September 11, 2001 2986 DIED The Ethic of Reciprocity is Universal “The Golden Rule” Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. Christianity No one of you is a believer until he desires for his brother that which he desires for himself. Islam What is hurtful to yourself do not do to your fellow man. Judaism