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Chapter 2: Ancient Egypt Objective Global Citizens can recognize reasons that cultural groups develop in certain places Agenda Geography of Egypt Vocabulary Cataracts- steep rapids formed by cliffs and boulders in a river Delta- area of fertile soil at the mouth of a river Section 1: The Nile Valley A MIGHTY RIVER The Nile River is the longest river in the world. The Blue Nile and the White Nile meet and form the Nile River. The Egyptians used the river for drinking, bathing, farming, cooking, and cleaning. Cataracts are wild rapids that form in the Nile. A SHELTERED LAND Delta: an area of fertile soil Section 1: The Nile Valley Sahara: the largest desert in the world west of the Nile Valley Deserts are called “the Red Land” because of their burning heat. The Sahara kept outside armies away from Egypt. The Nile’s dangerous cataracts blocked enemy boats. There were no harbors in the delta marshes. The Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea allowed the Egyptians to trade. Section 1: The Nile Valley REGULAR FLOODING When the Nile flooded, the Egyptians farmed and lived securely. The Egyptians called their land Kemet which means “the Black Land” because of a layer of dark, fertile mud that was left behind after flooding. HOW DID THE EGYPTIANS USE THE NILE? They became successful farmers. Wheat, barley, and flax seeds were planted in the wet, rich soil. Section 1: The Nile Valley They used irrigation. They dug holes in the earth to trap the floodwaters. They built canals and dikes to strengthen the basin walls. Other technology: • Shadoof: a bucket attached to a long pole to carry water • Geometry: to measure land • Used papyrus, a reed plant, to make baskets, sandals, and river rafts • Later used papyrus to make paper DBQ: Primary Source Document NILE ACROSTIC Use the letters N-I-L-E-R-I-V-E-R to create an acrostic. My Example: N: Nile River is the longest Exit Ticket Imagine you live in Ancient Egypt. How would you use the Nile to make a living? Explain your day to day uses of the river. Bell Ringer How do you thoughts on floods differ from those of the Egyptians? Why are they different? Objective Identify how early forms of writing influenced life in Egypt Vocabulary Hieroglyphics-Egypt’s complex system of writing Papyrus- A reed plant from the Nile used to make baskets, sandals, and river rafts Use each in a sentence Section 1: The Nile Valley WHAT WERE HIEROGLYPHICS? Egyptians used papyrus rolls as writing paper. Hieroglyphics: a complex writing system that combined sounds and pictures Only few people could read and write. Some men went to special schools to study reading and writing. They became scribes. Scribes: kept records, worked for the rulers and priests, and traders Writing Making paper from papyrus Phonograms represent sounds, much as alphabet letters do. Ideograms are signs that represent whole words or concepts. In Groups What would your lives be like without… Written Laws? Written History? Written Religion? Written Literature? Example: What your lives be like without… Writing in school? Example: Writing in school allows students to learn and reinforce the material. Writing also gives students the opportunity to express their knowledge of a subject. Through writing, thoughts are more clearly communicated. Without writing, it would be difficult to remember necessary material and to clearly express ideas and opinions. Exit Ticket How did hieroglyphics influence the life of the Egyptians? Include 4 ways and EXPLAIN how. Make your own hieroglyphics Create an alphabet of your own hieroglyphic symbols. Using your alphabet write one rule you follow outside of school Bell Ringer Decode a partner’s hieroglyphic law they completed for homework Objective Global Citizens can recognize roles of individuals in Egyptian society Global citizens can explain Ancient Egypt’s government Section 1: The Nile Valley Skillful farming led to surpluses, or extra amounts of food. Some people were artisans---wove cloths, made pottery, carved statues, or made weapons and tools THE RISE OF GOVERNMENT Village chiefs were the earliest rulers. Chiefs created small kingdoms out of their villages. Two large kingdoms: Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt Section 1: The Nile Valley EGYPT’S RULING FAMILIES Narmer, also known as Menes, united the Upper and Lower Egypt. He wore a double crown: • White represented Upper Egypt • Red represented Lower Egypt Dynasty: a line of rulers from one family EGYPT’S SOCIAL CLASSES Top: King (pharaoh) and his family Section 1: The Nile Valley Upper Class: nobles, priests, and other wealthy Egyptians Middle Class: artisans, people who ran businesses and produced goods Farmers made up the largest group of early Egyptians. The city dwellers were unskilled workers who did physical labor. They were at the very bottom. Section 1: The Nile Valley FAMILY LIFE Father headed the family. Egyptian women had more rights than most other early civilizations. They could own and pass property. They could buy and sell goods, make wills, and obtain divorces. Mothers taught their daughters household chores. Fathers trained their sons to farm or trade. Section 2: Egypt’s Old Kingdom OLD KINGDOM RULERS Pharaohs: Egyptian kings who lived with their families in grand palaces The Egyptians served the pharaoh for two reasons---1. They needed a strong leader to be united. 2. They believed the pharaoh was son of Re, the Egyptian sun god. 3. The Egyptians thought their pharoah was a god on earth who controlled Egypt’s welfare. Social Roles Activity RAFT Section 2: Egypt’s Old Kingdom The Egyptians thought their pharoah was a god on earth who controlled Egypt’s welfare. EGYPT’S RELIGIONS Deities: gods or goddesses Main Egyptian god: Re (the sun god) Another major god: Hapi (ruled the Nile River) Most important goddess: Isis Section 2: Egypt’s Old Kingdom LIFE AFTER DEATH Book of the Dead: a collection of spells and prayers that Egyptians studied to obtain life after death For centuries the Egyptians believed that only the pharoah and elite could enjoy afterlife. The pharaoh’s body was protected by embalming it. Body was wrapped---mummy Section 2: The Old Kingdom EGYPTIAN MEDICINE Used herbs and drugs to treat illnesses Sewed up cuts and set broken bones They were the first specialists in medicine. Wrote the world’s first medical books on scrolls of papyrus THE PYRAMIDS Pyramid: tombs built for pharaohs Section 2: Egypt’s Old Kingdom Pyramids protected the bodies of the pharaohs from floods, wild animals, and grave robbers. Held supplies the pharaoh may need in the spirit world: clothing, furniture, jewelry, food The Great Pyramid: the largest and grandest pyramid It was built for King Khufu in Giza The Great Pyramid was the tallest structure in the world for more than 4000 years. Section 3: The Egyptian Empire THE MIDDLE KINGDOM This was a golden age of peace, prosperity, and advances in the arts and architecture. Lasted from 2050 B.C. to 1670 B.C. Soldiers captured Nubia and made them pay tribute: forced payments Arts, literature, and architecture thrived. Instead of building pyramids, pharaohs’ tombs were cut into cliffs. Section 3: The Egyptian Empire The Hyksos attacked Egypt. They were mighty warriors---chariots and weapons made of bronze/iron Later Ahmose drove the Hyksos out of Egypt after 120 years. THE NEW KINGDOM Egypt acquired new territory and reached the height of its power. Section 3: The Egyptian Empire Queen Hatshepsut was the first woman pharaoh. She was more interested in trade than conquest. They exchanged beads, metal tools, and weapons for gold, ivory, ebony, and incense. They also wanted wood because there were few trees. Trading brought wealth to Egypt. When Hatshepsut died her nephew Thutmose became pharaoh. Section 3: The Egyptian Empire Thutmose’s empire grew rich from trade and tribute. There were many slaves at this time. Slaves could own land, marry, and eventually be granted their freedom. THE LEGACY OF TWO PHARAOHS About 1370 B.C. Amenhotep came to the throne. Section 3: The Egyptian Empire He introduced a new religion----to worship only one god, Aton. Amenhotep changed his name to Akhenaton, which means “Spirit of Aton”. Later he became so devoted in his religion that invaders came in and attacked Egypt. Tutankhamen (King Tut) came into power when Akhenaton, his uncle, died. King Tut was only 10 years old! Section 3: The Egyptian Empire He received a lot of help from the priests and palace officials. King Tut ruled for only 9 short years----no one knows for sure how he died. In 1922 an archaeologist named Howard Carter found King Tut’s tomb and went into it. He found incredible treasures including a gold mask of the young pharaoh’s face. Section 3: The Egyptian Empire THE END OF THE NEW KINGDOM Ramses II came into power and ruled for 66 years! He constructed several major new temples. The most famous temple was Karnak. Services were not held in these temples---Egyptians prayed at home. The temples were banks and houses for the gods and goddesses. Section 3: The Egyptian Empire After Ramses II died Egypt began to lose control again. In the 900s B.C. invaders started attacking Egypt. Libyans came from the west. Then the people of Kush came from the south in the 760s B.C. In 670 B.C. the Egyptians were taken over by the Assyrians. Section 4: The Civilization of Kush NUBIA People came to Nubia, which was a country along the Nile. They traveled across the savannas, or grassy plains, and settled in farming villages. Nubians were excellent hunters, skilled at using the bow and arrow. Later they were known for their fierce fighting skills. Section 4: The Civilization of Kush THE KINGDOM OF KERMA The powerful Nubian villages became Kerma. Kerma had cattle, gold, ivory, and slaves---which the Egyptians traded with them. Kerma was very wealthy. WHY DID EGYPT INVADE NUBIA? There was a 50 year war between the Egyptians and Kerma----Kerma collapsed. Section 4: The Civilization of Kush The people of Nubia adopted many Egyptian ways. THE RISE OF KUSH A Nubian group broke away from the Egyptian control and formed Kush. The Kushite kings ruled from the city of Napata. In time Kush became rich and strong enough to control Egypt. Section 4: The Civilization of Kush King Kashata started a conquest but his son Piye finished it and took control of Egypt. THE IMPORTANCE OF IRON The Assyrians attacked the Kushites. Kushites learned the secret of making iron from the Assyrians. They became the first Africans to devote themselves to ironmaking. Section 4: The Civilization of Kush Used iron to make hoes and plows for farming Began using iron swords and spears A NEW CAPITAL Meroe became the capital of Kush. This location had deposits of rich iron ore in the earth. Section 4: The Civilization of Kush BUILDING A PROFITABLE TRADE Meroe became the center of a huge trading network. They remained a great trading power for about 600 years! About 200s A.D. Meroe was invaded by Axum which is present day Ethiopia. The armies of Axum burned Meroe to the ground.