Download Egypt

Egypt
First: Prehistoric Review
DO NOW: Please note today’s date in your class notebook and record your
answers for the following six questions. This is a review worth an automatic
3 points if you complete it.
Por favor, tenga en cuenta la fecha de hoy en su cuaderno de clase y
anotar tus respuestas para las siguientes seis preguntas. Esta es una
revisión vale la pena una automática de 3 puntos si completarla.
1. The picture below was most likely painted by people living in
which era?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Neolithic Era
Paleolithic Era
Bronze Age
Iron Age
2. The picture below is of which archaeological site?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Aleppo
Jericho
Stonehenge
Çatalhöyük
3. Hunter-gatherers migrated in order to:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Explore rivers.
Find food.
Get better shelter.
Grow crops
4. Early hunter-gatherer human societies are generally described as:
A. Large numbers of people.
B. Small nomadic clans of humans.
C. Moderate numbers of people living
in permanent villages.
D. Tiny cities and large agricultural
developments.
“If a man destroys the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye.”
5. The quotation below comes from which of the following codes of
law?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The 10 Commandments
Shariah
Hammurabi’s Code
The Twelve Tables
Use this map to answer the following question:
6. Hammurabi’s Code of law was developed in which of the locations
above?
Location A
Location B
Location C
Location D
Origins
• Around 3,000 BC,
villages began to show
up along the Nile river.
• The process was very
similar to what
happened in
Mesopotamia.
• Every year, the Nile would flood, depositing
silt on the shores.
• Farmers would take advantage of this
predictable routine.
Plant here
Harvest here
Egypt Unites
• In the
beginning,
Egypt was
separated into
two kingdoms:
–1. Lower Egypt
–2. Upper Egypt
Lower Egypt
Upper Egypt
• Very little is known about early Egyptian
history
• It’s hard to tell what is truth and what is fiction.
King Menes
• Established a capital
at Memphis, in
central Egypt
• Established first
Egyptian dynasty
• A dynasty is a line of rulers who are related
to each other.
– Ex. A father passes their power on to their son
or brother.
• There are 31 dynasties in Egyptian history, each lasting
around 50 to several hundred years.
United Egypt
Around 3,100 BC,
Menes united
lower and upper
Egypt and wore a
crown that
symbolized the
united kingdom
• After Menes, a period of stability and growth
known as the Old Kingdom began, which
lasted from around 2660 BC to 2180 BC.
Area that
the Old
Kingdom
controlled
• Many of Egypt’s most famous monuments,
like the Great Pyramids of Giza and the
Sphinx, were built during the Old Kingdom.
• A combination of bad harvests, weak rulers
and civil war led to the end of the Old
Kingdom around 2180 BC.
Second Class Period
Slides 20 - 33
Middle Kingdom
• A period of stability that lasted from 2180
BC to around 1640 BC.
• Focused on improving trade and
transportation.
• Dammed the Nile in places and made canals
to increase crop land.
• Egypt also expanded it’s territory to the
south (Kush) and along the Mediterranean
coast.
Middle & New Kingdom Warriors
• The Middle Kingdom fell around 1640 BC
when nomadic invaders called the Hyksos
invaded from the Middle East.
The New Kingdom
• Period lasted from 1570 BC to 1075 BC.
• Began when the Hyksos were defeated.
• Queen Hatshepsut was a famous ruler of
this era.
• Akhanaten forced
Egypt to abandon
traditional
religion and
convert to a
monotheistic
religion based
around the
worship of the
sun god Aten.
His son,
Tutankhamun,
was forced to
clean up the mess
afterwards and
restore the old
ways.
• Egypt had to fight many enemies, like the
Hittites, Nubians, etc. during this period to
stay independent.
• The New Kingdom collapsed around 1075 BC
when they were taken over by Lybians (from the
west), Kushites (from the south) and a group
called the Sea People.
The Sea Peoples were a coastal and
naval migration of refugees from the
volcanic eruptions that destroyed the
Minoan civilization and ended the
Aegean High Bronze Age. Other
coastal nations joined the migration,
making “The Sea Peoples” a kind of
land-and-sea wandering of desperate
hungry pirates looking for somewhere
to live.
Boom
1
2
Battle of the Nile Delta
3
The migration ended in Egypt where the invading Sea Peoples were
defeated by the Egyptians in a great naval battle in the Nile River Delta.
One group of surviving Sea Peoples then settled in Gaza and established
the Philistine civilization described in the Jewish Bible, from which the
word Palestine comes from.
Another group of Sea People survivors known as the Sherden became
expert mercenary swordsmen in the Egyptian army, where their
descendents also served as Royal Guards in the Pharaoh's army for many
generations.
• For the remainder of Ancient Egyptian
history, they were controlled by outsiders,
like Persians, Greeks and Romans.
Third Class Period
Slides 34 - 67
Basics of Egyptian Society
Government
• Egyptian kings were
called pharaohs
• The Egyptians
viewed their
pharaohs the same
as the gods
• The pharaoh was
the commander of
the army, leader of
Egypt’s religion and
head of
government
• Theocracy = type of
government where
the king is thought
to be related to the
gods
Religion
Mummification
The Egyptian religion
encouraged belief that the
body would be resurrected
after death, and so important
people were mummified when
they died to preserve their
bodies. Many mummies still
survive today.
La religión Egipcia alentó la
creencia de que resucitaría el
cuerpo después de la muerte, y
que personas tan importantes
fueron momificados cuando
murieron para preservar sus
cuerpos. Muchas momias aún
sobreviven hoy día.
• The pharaoh ruled
with the help of a
bureaucracy (an
organized
government
structure) and the
help of priests
and scribes.
Religion
• Egyptian religion was polytheistic
• There were as many as 2,000 gods
and goddesses
• Ra – the sun god
Amun – king of the
gods
• Horus – god of light
and war
• Isis – goddess of
motherhood
• Osiris – god of the
dead
• Anubis – another god of the
dead
• Egyptian pharaohs built huge temples
to honor gods (and themselves).
• Unlike
Mesopotamian
cultures,
Egyptians had a
positive view of
the afterlife.
• Upon death, a person’s
body was preserved, or
mummified, provided
they had enough money.
• Personal items
were buried with
them for use in the
afterlife.
An Egyptian burial ceremony
A person’s soul being weighed
in the afterlife.
Trade
• By 3200 BC, Egyptians were
trading with the Mesopotamians
over both land and sea routes.
• Egypt had to import many raw
materials.
– Gold, Ivory, Granite blocks were imported
from the south, using the Nile.
– Lumber and precious metals were
imported from the Middle East.
• Exports included grain and finished goods,
like papyrus, wine, jewelry, etc.
During the Middle Kingdom, Ancient
Egyptians even built a canal connecting the
Nile to the Red Sea, to improve trade.
Social
• Very different from the citystates of Mesopotamia
• Egypt’s united kingdom
allowed
–High degree of unity
–Stability
–Cultural continuity (staying the
same)
Life in Egyptian Society
Pharaoh
Royal Advisor
Priests
Traders/Merchants
Ordinary Citizens
Slaves
Intellectual
• Developed writing =
hieroglyphics
–Pictographic writing system
• Developed written numbers
for recording taxes
–Addition, subtraction
Hieroglyphics
The Egyptians picturewriting system was different
than the Cunieform writing
used by the Sumerians,
Babylonians and Assyrians.
The Egyptian writing system
was called Hieroglyphics.
Papyrus
This is Papyrus. It is a form of paper that is made
of reeds that was first invented by the Egyptians.
The use of paper was thus invented by the ancient
Egyptians.
Este es el Papiro. Se trata de un tipo de papel que
está hecha de juncos que fue inventado por los
Egipcios. El uso del papel, por lo tanto, fue
inventado por los antiguos Egipcios.
Achievements
• Egyptian medicine was the most
advanced of that period.
– Repairing broken bones
– Checking your pulse
– Basic surgery
– Embalming techniques
• Egyptian Architects were very advanced.
– Used geometry and astronomy to orient
buildings
– First culture to use columns
12 month, 365 day calendar from
studying the stars
So accurate it was only 6 hours off from
today’s calendar year !