Download ANCIENT EGYPT

Warm Up
Diffusion is the process of a new idea or a
product spreading from one culture to
another culture
With your neighbor come up with one real life
example of the following diffusion topics:
1.Technological Diffusion
2.Linguistic (language) Diffusion
3.Religious Diffusion
4. Architectural Diffusion
Label the 4 early River Valley Civilizations on your map:
• Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia)
• Egyptian Civilization - Nile River
• Harappan Civilization - Indus River
• Ancient China - Huang He River
China
Huang He
ANCIENT EGYPT
Sphinx
Examine this quote:
“Egypt, the gift of the Nile.”
~ Herodotus, Greek historian (484-432 B.C.E.)
1. What do you infer from this quote, what did Herodotus mean by
“the gift of the Nile”?
The Nile provided irrigation and
predictable flooding, which provided the
ability to farm in a desert region
2a.) However, Egypt was rarely invaded.
What do you believe kept them safe?
Geography - Desert and the Seas
2b.) How was the Nile River Valley vulnerable to
invasions in the past?
Invasions came from over the Middle East.
Middle East
invasions
THINK AHEAD:
Turn to your partner and discuss the following:
3. Describe how the Nile River affected
farming, trade and religion in Ancient Egypt.
GEOGRAPHY
deserts formed natural barrier
“black land”
“red land”
predictable flooding
Nile provided farming
in the desert.
FACTS: THE NILE
• part of it flows in the opposite direction of
prevailing winds
• flows from South to North
• has many cataracts
The Nile fans out into
a delta as it empties
to the Mediterranean
Sea flowing from
South to North.
Next Slide:
Zoomed in
Here
RELIGION
GOVERNMENT
VOCABULARY
THEOCRACY:
government whose
Ruler is a King / and
considered a God
-a.k.a god-king
DYANSTY:
series of rulers from
a same family
POLYTHEISTIC RELIGION
• Osiris
• Isis
• Horus
• Ra
• Anubis
• Thoth
mummification: process of
embalming and drying corpses
to prevent decay
Discuss this with your neighbor:
*4.) What was the Egyptian view of the afterlife and
why did they develop this idea?
*The afterlife was very important to
ancient Egyptians; through
mummification they preserved their
rulers bodies in the afterlife.
• Believed each pharaoh ruled even after death,
because they all possessed the same eternal
spirit = ka; and being god, naturally bore full
responsibility for Egypt’s well-being.
• Therefore, Pharaoh’s tomb very important,
because it was still a place of rule.
•
Built massive tombs called pyramids.
The mummy of Ramses II (1304 -1237 BC )
still preserved today, 3,200 years later,
at the Cairo Museum.
Tutankhamun’s Burial Mask
CONTRIBUTIONS:
• architecture/
art
• papyrus
paper
• hieroglyphics
How we decoded the
hieroglyphics…
The Rosetta Stone can be viewed by
tourists today in the British Museum.
The Rosetta Stone, discovered in 1799 A.D.
Scientific Achievements
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Stone columns
Solar calendar
Geometry
numeric system on
base 10 (decimal)
Irrigation and
agriculture
Astronomy
Medicine
engineers and
architects
Unfortunately the Egyptians took
their years of
well-protected geographic isolation
for granted
and made little real defensive
preparations
should the unthinkable happen.
The unthinkable happened.
Thebes
N
I
L
EGYP T
R.
Invaded by the Hyksos, an Asiatic people, great chariot-riders –
which they introduced in Egypt for the first time.
These foreigners bring the Middle Kingdom period to an end
and will rule Egypt for 70 years.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
• The wheel did not arrive in Egypt until the
Hyksos invasion with chariots in the 16th
century BC.
• The Egyptians adopted the wheel and the
chariots for their transportation.
• What is this an example of? Technological
DIFFUSION
Ironically the Egyptians then used the chariots to
drive the Hyksos out of power in Egypt
INDUS RIVER VALLEY
India
GEOGRAPHY
Subcontinent – large landmass forming a
distinct part of a continent
Geography (cont.)
monsoons= seasonal
wind
protected by several
mountain ranges
Indus-Ganges Plain
dominate climate
Indus drains into
Arabian Sea
CHALLENGES
A. unpredictable flooding
B. cycle of wet & dry seasons
C. The settlements sometimes were forced to
changed location because the river
changed course.
Oh NO!!
REFLECTION:
5.) What do you think was the
greatest challenge faced by
people living along the Indus?
•unpredictable rivers
• strong winds / monsoons
Indus River Valley Civilization
• Historians know very little about this
civilization because they have not yet
deciphered the Indus system of writing
• Archaeologist have found evidence of
agriculture, domestication of sheep & goats.
•
Also that the civilization was much larger that
Mesopotamia and Egypt. That they had a
sophisticated city planning. Few weapons
were found suggesting that conflict was
limited
• Archaeologist also found stamps and seals
found in India from Mesopotamia suggesting
trading
TIMELINE: Early Settlement
7000 BC - Agriculture & domestication of
sheep, goats
3200 BC - first evidence of farming in
villages along river
1750 BC – decline of cities
1500 BC - Early Indus Valley - Harappan
civilization collapsed
1500-250 BC- Aryans warriors invade&
implementing a caste system
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•
•
•
•
Planned cities in the Indus
Valley
streets were made in a grid
citadel
sewage and water systems
uniform housing
early religious artifacts found
The finer things in life
Note: The religions of
Hinduism and Buddhism both
originate from India
What happened to the Harappan civilization on the Indus River?
Above: The Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro.
Surrounding pics: various Harappan artifacts.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
• 6.) Why did this civilization disappear?
– Evidence Several unburied skeletons are found
along with homes and possessions being
abandoned.
The people may have overworked the land (overcutting trees, overgrazed, over
farmed land depleting nutrients)
Invaders - The disputed (A.I.T.) Aryan Invasion Theory
Aryans
1000B.C.
• Indo-European (nomadic warriors)
crossed over the northwest mountains into
the Indus River Valley.
• Created a Caste System or a social class
ranking system were the Aryan race were
seem as the “nobles” and the Indus race
were inferior
• Introduced Hinduism
• Competed for land and power
Huang He River Valley
China
ENTER
A Chinese junk on the Huang He today.
An artist visualizes what the ancient Chinese village of Banpo
on the Huang He may have looked like over 4,000 years ago.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chinese script is unique, isn’t it?
Think about other elements of Chinese culture:
Chinese architecture, music, technology,
dress and fashion, and eastern belief systems…
Gobi Desert
Also unique!
Taklimakan Desert
Himalaya Mts.
Pacific
Ocean
Discuss with your partner:
7. Based on the map, why did China develop apart from other
cultures?
• China’s geography ocean, desert, high mountains, isolated China.
Isolated geographically, cut off from trade, there would be little opportunity for
cultural diffusion in
China’s case. Developing in a vacuum, China’s civilization would stand out as the
most unique of our world’s early civilizations.
China Geography
• Two major rivers Huang He in the North
and the Yangtze in central China. Suitable
farm land lay in between the two rivers.
• When flooding occurred it would devoured
all the villages earning the nickname
“China’s Sorrow”
• Loess- dusty yellowish silt that was blown
in from the desert (silt was fertile soil)
Dynasty: series of rulers from a same family
Neolithic ca. 12,000 - 2000 B.C.
Xia ca. 2100-1800 B.C.
Shang 1700-1027 B.C.
Western Zhou 1027-771 B.C.
Ancient
China
Eastern Zhou
770-221 B.C.
Warring States period
475-221 B.C.
Confucianism
Religion
• Emphasis on order, balance, things to make this world better
• Social Hierarchy (father over son, husband over
wife, emperor over subjects, etc.)
• Importance of family, ancestors, tradition the most important
virtue was respect for one’s parents
• Value of ritual and education
The primary goal of Confucianism was
to restore the social order through
proper behavior
Believed that sprits of
family ancestors had power
to bring good fortune or
disaster to living members.
Shang Kings consulted the
gods through oracle bones
where priest had scratched
questions for the gods to
answer.
Important Vocabulary
• Dynasty: series of rulers from
a same family
• Mandate of Heaven: Royal
authority came from heaven, a
just ruler had divine approval
• Dynastic Cycle: The rise and
decline, replacement of a
dynasty
• Feudalism: political system in
which nobles, are granted the
use of land that legally belongs
to the king, in return for loyalty,
military service, and protection
to the people who live in their
estate.
China’s Technology
• Chinese method of writing, each
character stands for an idea not a sound
--one could read Chinese without being
able to speak it, thus unifying a large
diverse people.
• Bronze work was a leading craft
• Iron weapons and tools (which is
stronger that bronze) made farm work
easier and faster
• Silk cloth
• Zhou introduced coined money to
improve trade
In each civilization the people
settled near rivers.
Define irrigation
This lead to the development of irrigation which in
turn brought about an abundance of food.
8.) How would an increase supply of food affect
families, jobs, and government?
ie…Population increase, better health, specialized jobs such as basket weaving,
tool making, scribe.
Governments were then needed to organize large community projects