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A.P. World History
Outline Chapter 1
From the Origins of Agriculture to the First River-Valley Civilizations, 8000-1500 B.C.E.
I. Before Civilization
A. Food Gathering and Stone Technology
1. Food Gathering
a) Vegetable foods made up bulk of diet
b) Ice Age hunting became more common—meat for feasts
c) Hunting connected to toolmaking
2. Toolmaking
a) First recognizable cultural activity
b) Tools made from stone, bones, skins, and wood
c) Effective for hunting and butchering
3. The hunters
a) Homo habilis—scavenged for meat—used choppers
b) Homo erectus—better scavengers, used hand axes—maybe threw them?
c) Homo sapiens—skillful hunter, intelligence plus tools—wiped out large animals?
d) set fires deliberately
B. The Agricultural Revolutions
1. 10,000 rs. Ago, gradually domesticated plants and animals
a) Hunters and gatherers first encouraged growth of food they liked—scattered seeds—
weeded
b) At first only supplemented gathering
c) Then replaced it—people had to settle down in one place
2. New tools and techniques to enhance success
a) Used stone tools and fire—cleared the way—swidden agriculture
b) Most important techniques—high-yield plants—development of new varieties
c) Women probably developed agriculture—they were the gatherers—men cleared the
fields
3. Where it started—Middle East
a) People developed it independently—but a lot of borrowing took place too
b) Emmer wheat and barely in Middle East and Africa
c) Middle East, 8000 B.C.E; North Africa, 8000 B.C.E; Nile, 5000 B.C.E.; Greece, 6000
B.C.E.; Europe, 4000 B.C.E.; Asia 10,000-5000 B.C.E.; Mexico, 3500 B.C.E.
4. Domesticated animals provided meat, milk, & energy—Middle East
a) After 7000 B.C.E. gradual decline of wild gazelle bones in refuse piles—overhunting
b) Same refuse piles had sheep and goat bones replacing gazelle bones
c) People probably fed tamer animals foraging for food in trash heaps—domestication
5. Selective breeding final step of domestication
a) Desirable characteristics—high milk yield, long woll
b) China—pigs and water buffalo; India—pigs, cattle, and buffalo; Middle East—cattle;
North Africa—donkeys; Americas—llamas
c) Used for food, fertilizer, and clothes
6. Why turn to agriculture?
a) Enough grain to brew beer
b) Ecological crisis—globarl warming—why so many people adopted agriculture at once
c) Crisis may have been a shortage of wild food—warmer and wetter climate, or
population increase
7. In many areas of the world people continued to hunt and gather—no agriculture
a) Australia—hunting and gathering until recently
b) Amerindians—hunting bison, salmon fishing, catching shellfish—settled down
c) Southern Africa—retained old ways, Eurasia—reindeer-based
8. Agriculture adopted 10,000 to 2,000 years ago—momentous impact
a) 100,000 yrs. Ago, 2 million people on earth—temperate and tropical regions only
b) 5000 B.C.E. 10 million people on earth
c) 1000 B.C.E. 50 to 100 million people on earth
C. Life in Neolithic Communities
1. Religion—ancestors—earth—sky—used all
a)
b)
c)
2. Villages grew into towns—farmers
a)
b)
c)
3. 8000 B.C.E.—Jericho
a)
b)
4. 7000-5000 B.C.E. Catal Huyuk
a)
b)
c)
II. Mesopotamia
A. Settled Agriculture in an Unstable Landscape
1. The land lies between two rivers on an alluvial plain
a)
b)
c)
2. First domestication of plants and animals in Mesopotamia—5000 B.C.E. (8000 B.C.E. in Fertile
Crescent
a)
b)
c)
3. Sumerians and Semites
a)
b)
c)
B. Cities, Kings, and Trade
3. Cities: purpose, evolution, and the city-state
a)
b)
c)
4. Irrigation
a)
b)
c)
5. Hammurabi’s Code
a)
b)
c)
6. Trade and conquest: alternatives ways to get resources
a)
b)
c)
C. Mesopotamian Society
3. Social divisions part of civilization
a)
b)
c)
4. Daily life hard to discover
a)
b)
c)
5. Women in Mesopotamia
a)
b)
c)
D. Gods, Priests, and Temples
3. Many anthropomorphic (humanlike) gods
a)
b)
c)
4. Public religion and temples
a)
b)
c)
5. Priests
a)
b)
c)
6. Religion of the common people
a)
b)
c)
E. Technology and Science
3. Technology: any specialized knowledge that is used to transform the national
environment and human society
a)
b)
c)
2. Writing
a)
b)
c)
III. Egypt
A The Land of Egypt: “Gift of the Nile”
1. The Nile is the fundamental geographic feature of Egypt
a)
b)
c)
2. Use of the Nile and development of agriculture
a)
b)
c)
3. Egypt was well-endowed with natural resources
a)
b)
c)
4. Climatic changes led to large-scale growth
a)
b)
c)
B. Divine Kingship
1. Unification of all of Egypt by Menes 3100 B.C.E.
a)
b)
c)
2. The Pharaoh was a god come to earth
a)
b)
c)
3. The death of the Pharaoh and his tomb
a)
b)
c)
C. Administration and Communication
1. The need for good records led to a complex administrative bureaucracy and the development of
writing
a)
b)
c)
2. Tension between capital and home districts paralleled in tension between monarchy and
bureaucrats
a)
b)
c)
3. Foreign policy and trade
a)
b)
c)
D. The People of Egypt
1. Social stratification clearly existed
a)
b)
c)
2. Lives of ordinary Egyptians and slavery
a)
b)
c)
3. Women in ancient Egypt
a)
b)
c)
E. Belief and Knowledge
1. Religion rooted in the landscape of the Nile and the vision of cosmic order that it evoked
a)
b)
c)
2. Gods were diverse in origin and nature
a)
b)
c)
3. Afterlife—real and much prepared for—an obsession
a)
b)
c)
IV. The Indus Valley Civilization
A. Natural Environment
1. The Indus River and cultivation
a)
b)
c)
2. Cultivation
a)
b)
c)
3. Several adjacent regions shared cultural attributes with the core area
a)
b)
c)
B. Material Change
1. Identity, origin, and fate of the people of Indus society were in dispute.
a)
b)
c)
2. Indus was an urban society
a)
b)
c)
3. Technology and Trade
a)
b)
c)
4. We know little about the political, social, economic, and religious structures
a)
b)
c)
C. Transformation of the Indus Valley Civilization
1. Indus Valley cities abandoned 1900 B.C.E.
a)
b)
c)
2. “Systems Failure”
a)
b)
c)
3. Gradual ecological changes
a)
b)
c)
V. Conclusion
A. Human Interaction with the Environment
1. At first survival and physical adaptation
2. Neolithic peoples adapted to their environments and shaped them
3. Agriculture one of the most momentous changes in human history
B. No accident that these civilizations were in river valleys
1.
2.
3.
C. Mesopotamian environment affected attitude and religion
1.
2.
3.
D. The predictability of the Egyptian environment encouraged trust in gods
1.
2.
3.
Look at the vocabulary at the end of the chapter. If there is any word that you struggle to remember, write the
definition out.