Download The Emergence of Civilization

The Emergence of
Civilization
Ancient River Valley Civilizations
Timelines
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Chronological order
Cause & Effect
Compare Events
Dates
– B.C. = Before Christ -B.C.E. = Before Common Era
– A.D. = Anno Domini - C.E. Common Era
B.C./B.C.E.--------0--------A.D./C.E.
-Decade= 10 years
-Century= 100 years
-Millennium= 1,000 years
Civilization
• Civilization: complex culture in which a large
number of humans share a number of
common elements
6 Basic Characteristics of Civilization
1. Growth of Government: to organize and
regulate citizen activity (protection, security,
food, irrigation, construct buildings, propose
laws)
2. Religion: means to explain the force of nature
and their own existence
-Divine Power: Rituals, priests, or rulers
-Monotheistic: Belief in one God
-Polytheistic: Belief in many Gods
3. Artistic Activity: for worship, sacrifice, burial,
paintings, sculptures, etc.
Six Basic Characteristics of Civilization
4. Writing: Religious ceremonies, record keeping
-Prehistory: Time prior to writing
5. Rise of Cities: River Valleys, food producers
6. New Social Structures: based on economic
power (upper, middle, lower classes)
ocial
olitical
conomical
eligion
echnology
Mesopotamia
• Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers
• River control leads to irrigation, drainage and
crops
– Civilization/Government/Cities
• Fertile Crescent: an arc of land from the
Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf
• City-State: city & surrounding country side
that shares political and economic life
Mesopotamia
Mediterranean Sea
Tigris
River
Euphrates
River
Persian
Gulf
Egypt
Nile
River
City-State: Sumer 3,000 B.C.
Southern Mesopotamia
• City surrounded by
walls for defense
• Buildings made of sun
dried brick
• First to use the arch
and dome in
construction
• Built Temples called
Ziggurats (step
pyramids, polytheistic)
• Powerful priests/rulers
– divine, “Theocracy”
P/T
T
T
R
R/P
City-State: Sumer 3,000 B.C.
Southern Mesopotamia
• Farming, trade, industry in
textiles, potters,
toolmakers
• Invented the wheel,
number system, calender
• Cuneiform, writing sytemon wet clay with stylus
• Social Groups- Nobles,
Commoners, Slaves
• Literature- “Epic of
Gilgamesh”
E
T
T
S
S/R/T
New Empires
• Empire: Independent people and nations under
the control of one ruler
• Akkadians overtake Sumer in 2350 B.C. to create
an empire
• Babylonians take over Mesopotamia in 2000 B.C.
– Reign of Hammurabi
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Built temples & Defense Walls
Irrigation Systems
Patriarchal-male dominated & male line of power
Code of Hammurabi- Law Code, “Eye for an Eye”
Egyptian Civilization: 2700-1085 B.C.
“The Gift of the Nile”
I. Nile River
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Longest River in the World (4,160 miles)
“Source of Life” & “Giver of Life”
Land: Rich, fertile black mud called silt
Seasonal Floods (gradual & predictable)
Flows South to North
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Upper Egypt (Southern Egypt) has a higher elevation
Delta (area at the mouth of a river) located in Lower
Egypt
First & Best form of Transportation
Barrier to invasions to due cataracts, or rapids
Egypt Intro
Mediterranean Sea
Delta
Lower
Egypt
Upper
Egypt
Red Sea
Nile
River
First
Cataract
Egyptian Society
• Merchants/Artisans conducted international
trade
• Married at 12-14 years old, monogomous
(1 wife), arranged marriages, divorce was ok
• Women well respected, could own property
• Education given to the upper class boys and
girls learned at home
Egyptian Society
Pharaoh
Upper
Class
Middle
Class
Lower
Class
Free Farmers
Peasants
Priests
Nobles
Artisans
Merchants
Doctors
Slaves,
Prisoners,
Criminals,
Debtors
Egyptian Writing
• Hieroglyphics- pictures used to create letters
of an alphabet
• Papyrus- first paper made from reeds from the
Nile Delta
• Rosetta Stone
– Hieroglyphics & Greek
Egyptian Kingdoms & Dynasties
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Long term, stable, strong leadership
Kingdom= An area/place that is ruled
Dynasty= Kingdom ruled by a family
BRAINPOP*
Egyptian Religion
• Polytheistic (many Gods)
– Ex: sun, land, Re, Pharaoh (divine)
• Death: physical & spiritual
• Mummification
– 70 Days to embalm
– Canopic Jars
– Sarcophagus
– King Khufu’s Great Pyramid at Giza
– MUMMIES
Ancient India: 2500-1500 B.C.
Indus River Valley
• Land of India – geography is “diverse”
– North – Mountains are the “highest” in the world
• Himalayan Range
– North – 2 Major rivers in the East & West
• Indus (West)
• Ganges (East)
– Central – Plateau: raised, flat land
– East & West coast are lush plains
– Monsoons: Seasonal Winds
• Summer Rains & Dry Winters = Flooding and Droughts
Himalayan
Mountains
Indus River
Mohenjo
-Daro
Arabian Sea
Harappa
Ganges
River
Deccan
Plateau
Ancient India
Bay of
Bengal
First Civilization in India:
Indus River Valley
• Indus Overview
• Major Cities: Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro
– Harappan Civilization/Peoples
• Settled by Dravidians (Dark Skinned)
• Invaded by Aryans (Nomads)
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Light Skinned
Take up farming
Develop writing, SAN SKRIT
Early Book, VEDAS, sacred book
Ruler called RAJA (prince) was chosen by BRAHMAN (chief
God)
– Great prince or king MAHARAJA
Social Order = Caste System
• Determined by Skin Color & Economic
Advantage
1. Brahmins – priests
2. Kshatriyas – warriors
3. Vaisyas – merchants/commoners/workers
4. Sudras – native, dark skinned (dravidians),
peasants
5. Untouchables – slaves, debtors, prisoners
of war (POW), criminals
Family
• Family was considered most important
– extended
• Male dominated
– Patriarchal, priests, educated, owned property
• Arranged marriages
• SATI: widow’s throwing themselves on their
husbands funeral PYRE
• Guru: teacher
Economy & Technology
• Difficult life for farmers
– Land divided among sons
– Monsoons made life unpredictable
– Tenant sharecroppers
• Plumbing
Ancient China: 2000-256 B.C.
• Huang River (Yellow): 2,900 miles
– Yellow silt
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Yangtze River (Chang Jiang): 3,400 miles
Both flowed east into the Yellow Sea
Flooding was disastrous
Isolated Geographically
Ancient China
Yellow
River
Yellow
Sea
Himalayan
Mountains
Ganges
River
Yangtze
River
Dynasties:
Rule from Generation to Generation
• Xia-little known, 2000 B.C.
– Flood control & irrigation
• Shang, 1750-1122 B.C., northern China
– Written records
– Ancestor worship, especially kings
The Zhou (Joh) Dynasty:
1122-256 B.C.
• Political life
– Ruled by king
• MANDATE OF HEAVEN/DYNASTIC CYCLE
– FEUDALISM – kings give power to local lords who divide land for
peasants to work on
• Social life
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Family & its economic stand most important, above community
FILIAL PIETY: all follow and respect male head of family
Women were inferior (even below sons)
5 relationships: son to father, wife to husband, younger brother
to older brother, friend to friend, all to king
• Communication
– Pictographic symbols similar to hieroglyphics
Ancient Chinese Technologies
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Silk
Gunpowder
Magnetic Compass
Printing Press
Paper
• GOLDEN AGE: Period of economic and political
stability & technologic advances
• Only ARVC still in existence…