* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 1 - Leleua Loupe
Ancient Egyptian funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian race controversy wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian medicine wikipedia , lookup
Thebes, Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Index of Egypt-related articles wikipedia , lookup
Art of ancient Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian technology wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Introduction The Big questions How & why did the first civilizations arise? What role did cross-cultural contacts play in their developments? What was the nature of the relationship between these permanent settlements and nonagricultural peoples living elsewhere in the world? What brought the demise of these early civilizations, and what legacy did they leave for their successors in the region? Chapter 1 Early Humans and the First Civilizations I. The First Humans A. The Emergence of Homo sapiens Hominids Australo Pithecines Homo Habilis Homo Erectus Homo Sapiens Neanderthals Homo Sapiens Sapiens Out of Africa/Multiregional Theory p3 Figure 1-1 p4 Paleolithic – “Old Stone” 2,500,00 – 10,000 B.C.E. B. The Hunter-Gatherers Seasonal Rounds Horticulture 20-30/band Stone tools Fire – 50,000 yrs. ago Social Advancement Cooperation Communalism Gender equality p5 C. The Neolithic Revolution, c. “New Stone” 10,000-4000 B.C.E. Agricultural Revolution The systematic growing of foods developed independently throughout the world. New type of polished stone axes Shift to agriculture Domestication of animals – meat milk and fibers Seasonal patterns shifted to sedentary living for some groups of people This led to a increase in the population Mesolithic – Middle Stone age 10,000 – 7,000 B.C.E. Transition from food gathering society and economic system To systematic agricultural society and economic system based on surplus Agricultural Revolutions 8,000 – 5,000 B.C.E. Figure 1-2 p6 Neolithic Farming Villages Europe, India, Egypt, China and Mesoamerica Jericho – in Canaan near the dead sea 8000BCE, expanded by 7000BCE Walls several feet thick Houses of sun dried brick Catal Huyuk Catal Huyuk in modern Turkey was larger, 32 acres, 6000 people by 6700-5700 o o o o Fruits, nuts, wheat, cattle Artisans Figures of gods and goddesses Female statuettes Statue from Ain Ghazal in Jordan, 6500 B.C.E. Women in modern Algeria harvesting grain, 4 B.C.E. p7 Consequences of Neolithic Revolution Development o of trade Specialization of crafts Division o f labor Pottery & Baskets New tools Gender divisions of labor Practice of patriarchy- society dominated by men Bronze Age 3,000 – 1200 B.C.E. 4000-3000 technical development began to transform Neolithic towns Copper works after 4000 Copper and tin = bronze 3000 Bronze Eventually replaced by iron Walled cities and armies developed to protect new communities II. The Emergence of Civilization A. Early Civilizations Around the World Civilization Civilization – complex culture in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements An urban focus New political and military structures New social structure based on economic power The development of more complexity in a material sense Distinct religious structure Development of writing New significant artistic and intellectual activity Figure 1-3 p10 Figure 1-4 p17 p9 p9 p9 p9 City States of Mesopotamia Figure 1-3 p10 III. Civilization in Mesopotamia Sumerian Cities Sumerian Cities Surrounded by walls. Mud brick structures Ziggurat – the temple Excavation of Warka showing the ruins of Uruk Kingship King believed to be of divine origin Theocracy – priests and priestesses had an important role in governance, gods ruled cities actual ruling power rested with the king Royal Standard of Ur, 2700 B.C.E. Military society ruled by a king p11 Economy Agriculture Commerce and industry (woolen textiles, pottery, metal work) Imported copper, tin and timber Utilized the wheel that had been invented by nomads in 3000BCE Society Four Tiered Hierarchy Elites Dependent commoners Free commoners elites clients who worked for the palace and temple estates farmers 90% OF POP, merchants, scribes, craftspeople Slaves belonged to palace officials, mostly female slaves to weave cloth and grind grain and to rich landowners who used them for agricultural and III. Empires in Mesopotamia Sargon’s Empire (2340BCE – 2100BCE) 2340BCE Sargon, leader of the Semitic people He used former rulers as governors Power was a standing army of 5,400 men He expanded the empire to include all of Mesopotamia and lands westward to the Mediterranean III. Empires in Mesopotamia Hammurabi’s Empire (1792- 1750 B.C.E.) Employed an army of foot soldiers (axes, spears, copper or bronze daggers) Divided and subdued opponents Gained control of Sumer and Akkad creating a new Mesopotamia Called himself sun of Babylon, the king who has made the four quarters of the world subservient new capital at Babylon p12 III. Empires in Mesopotamia The Code of Hammurabi: Society in Mesopotamia (Discussion) What does the code reveal about culture and society? PP 18-19 of text Do the codes evidence a “system of strict justice” or represent a code that is written in the principle of “an eye for an eye” or system of equal punishment? What type of justice system is it? Stele of Hammurabi Depicts Kings Divinity Records the code p14 III. Culture of Mesopotamia The Importance of Religion Understanding of physical environment Polytheistic An – God of Sky Enlil- God of wind Enki – God of earth, rivers, wells and canals and inventions of crafts Ninhursaga – goddess of soil, mountains, vegetation Mother goddess, mother of all children Gave birth to kings divination p15 III. Writing & Sciences Cuneiform “wedge-shaped” Oldest texts 3000 B.C.E. Writing as a form of communication and knowledge transference is only 5,000 years old Math, Geometry, Astronomy, 12 month Calendar Cuneiform Developed for record keeping Scribal education established to produce professionally trained elite scribes Temples, palaces, military, government Table 1-1 p12 Development of Cuneiform 3100 – 700 B.C.E The sign for star came to mean “god” or “Sky” p15 IV. Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile” Figure 1-4 p17 IV. Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile” A. The Impact of Geography The Nile- gentle and predicable Black land – fertile soil Red land – deserts to the west and east Lower Egypt – delta region Upper Egypt – upstream and to the south Protected from invasion Prosperous agricultural economy Development of trade Old, Middle & New Kingdoms Periods of Long term stability Strong Monarchical authority Competent Bureaucracy Freedom from invasion Construction of temples and pyramids Intellectual and cultural activity Intermediate Periods Period between the three Kingdoms Weak political structures Rivalry for leadership Invasions Decline in construction Restructuring of society First Dynasty of Egypt 3100 BCE King Menes United Upper and Lower Egypt Double Crown Created to represent unification p23 Old Kingdom 3-6th Dynasties, 2686 – 2180 BCE Capital at Memphis Kingship: the Pharaoh – divine origin Kings Family - administrative Ruled according to principle of Ma’at Conveyed ideas of truth and justice, right order and harmony Development of 4th Dynasty Bureaucracy Office of Vizier “Steward of the whole Land” Responsible to the King Nomes & Nomarchs Egypt divided into provinces 22 – Upper Egypt 20- - Lower Egypt Nomarch – or governor administrated and was responsible to the King and Vizier Middle Kingdom 2055 – 1650 BCE Nomes restructured with boundaries and obligations to state clarified Nomarchs became hereditary officeholders Collected state taxes Recruited labor for royal projects New concern of Pharaohs for the people King Menkaure & Queen Invasion my Hyksos of W. Asia ended the Middle Kingdom by 1650 BCE Hyksos prevailed with horse-drawn Chariots Ruled for 100 years p19 IV. D. Culture of Egypt Four Tiered Hierarchy God-King Nobles & Priests Merchants & Artisans Extensive trade & international travel Commoners or farmers Paid taxes Military & labor service IV. D. Culture of Egypt Polytheistic Sun God – Atum, Re Air God – Amon River and land god and goddess – Osiris and Isis, born Horus Osiris – symbol of resurrection and birth Culture of Egypt - Construction Complexes or cities of the dead Incorporated Pyramids Mastabas Larger for kings burial, smaller or family Rectangular structures with flat roofs, tombs for noble officials Tombs Rooms furnished and stocked so the Ka or spiritual body could return to a well preserved physical body (mummification) Culture of Egypt – Art and Writing Hieroglyphics – “priest carvings” or “sacred Writings” Developed to record and transmit knowledge Pictographic like Cuneiform Medical books, literature, record keeping Children taken to educate as scribes for royalty and government Opportunity to rise in social status Pictographic writing of Egypt p15 IV. E. Egyptian Empire 18th Dynasty Pharoahs used new weapons to throw off Hyksos and reunite Egypt New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 BCE Most powerful state in the Middle East Massive wealth displayed by new temples Queen Hatshepsut 1503-1480BCE First women to become Pharaoh Built the great temple Deir el Bahri near Thebes Sent out military expeditions Encouraged mining Fostered agriculture Sponsored trade expeditions Kingdom of Nubia p23 Akhenaten & Religious Change 18th C Amenhotep (1364-1347 BCE) introduced the worship of Aten, god of the sun disk (Monotheistic Religion) Changed his name to Akhenaten – Servant of Aten Closed temples of other gods Lessened power of Amon-Re and the priesthood at Thebes Replaced the Capital of Thebes with Akhetaten “Horizon of Aten” in modern Tell el-Amarna IV. Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile” F. Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: Family and Marriage Monogamy Harems for Kings Women high status Maintained property and inheritance Could seek divorce with compensation Adultery punished Decline of Egyptian Empire 19th Dynasty under Ramses II (1279 – 1213 BCE) restored Egyptian power Regained Canaan 13th Century invasions by “sea peoples” drove borders to original frontiers 20th Dynasty in 1070 for 1000 years Libyans Nubians/Kushites Persians Macedonians