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Introduction
The Big questions
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How & why did the first civilizations
arise?
What role did cross-cultural contacts play
in their developments?
What was the nature of the relationship
between these permanent settlements
and nonagricultural peoples living
elsewhere in the world?
What brought the demise of these early
civilizations, and what legacy did they
leave for their successors in the region?
Chapter 1
Early Humans and
the First
Civilizations
I. The First Humans
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A. The Emergence of Homo sapiens
Hominids
Australo Pithecines
Homo Habilis
Homo Erectus
Homo Sapiens
Neanderthals
Homo Sapiens Sapiens
Out of Africa/Multiregional Theory
p3
Figure 1-1 p4
Paleolithic – “Old Stone”
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2,500,00 – 10,000 B.C.E.
B. The Hunter-Gatherers
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Seasonal Rounds
Horticulture
20-30/band
Stone tools
Fire – 50,000 yrs. ago
Social Advancement
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Cooperation
Communalism
Gender equality
p5
C. The Neolithic Revolution, c.
“New Stone” 10,000-4000 B.C.E.
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Agricultural Revolution
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The systematic growing of foods developed
independently throughout the world.
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New type of polished stone axes
Shift to agriculture
Domestication of animals – meat milk and fibers
Seasonal patterns shifted to sedentary living for
some groups of people
This led to a increase in the population
Mesolithic – Middle Stone age
10,000 – 7,000 B.C.E.
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Transition from food gathering society
and economic system
To systematic agricultural society and
economic system based on surplus
Agricultural Revolutions
8,000 – 5,000 B.C.E.
Figure 1-2 p6
Neolithic Farming Villages
Europe, India, Egypt, China and
Mesoamerica
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Jericho – in Canaan near the dead sea
8000BCE, expanded by 7000BCE
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Walls several feet thick
Houses of sun dried brick
Catal Huyuk
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Catal Huyuk in modern
Turkey was larger, 32 acres,
6000 people by 6700-5700
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Fruits, nuts, wheat, cattle
Artisans
Figures of gods and goddesses
Female statuettes
Statue from Ain Ghazal in
Jordan, 6500 B.C.E.
Women in modern Algeria
harvesting grain, 4 B.C.E.
p7
Consequences of Neolithic
Revolution
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Development o of trade
Specialization of crafts
Division o f labor
Pottery & Baskets
New tools
Gender divisions of labor
Practice of patriarchy- society dominated by
men
Bronze Age
3,000 – 1200 B.C.E.
4000-3000 technical development began to
transform Neolithic towns
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Copper works after 4000
Copper and tin = bronze 3000
Bronze Eventually replaced by iron
Walled cities and armies developed to
protect new communities
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II. The Emergence of
Civilization
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A. Early Civilizations Around the World
Civilization
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Civilization – complex culture in which
large numbers of people share a
variety of common elements
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An urban focus
New political and military structures
New social structure based on economic
power
The development of more complexity in a
material sense
Distinct religious structure
Development of writing
New significant artistic and intellectual
activity
Figure 1-3 p10
Figure 1-4 p17
p9
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City States of Mesopotamia
Figure 1-3 p10
III. Civilization in Mesopotamia
Sumerian Cities
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Sumerian Cities
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Surrounded by walls.
Mud brick structures
Ziggurat – the temple
Excavation of Warka showing
the ruins of Uruk
Kingship
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King believed to be of divine origin
Theocracy – priests and priestesses had
an important role in governance,
gods ruled cities
actual ruling power rested with the king
Royal Standard of Ur, 2700 B.C.E.
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Military society ruled by a king
p11
Economy
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Agriculture
Commerce and industry (woolen textiles,
pottery, metal work)
Imported copper, tin and timber
Utilized the wheel that had been invented
by nomads in 3000BCE
Society
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Four Tiered Hierarchy
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Elites
Dependent commoners
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Free commoners
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elites clients who worked for the palace and temple
estates
farmers 90% OF POP, merchants, scribes,
craftspeople
Slaves
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belonged to palace officials, mostly female slaves
to weave cloth and grind grain and to rich
landowners who used them for agricultural and
III. Empires in Mesopotamia
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Sargon’s Empire (2340BCE – 2100BCE)
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2340BCE Sargon, leader of the Semitic
people
 He used former rulers as governors
 Power was a standing army of 5,400 men
 He expanded the empire to include all of
Mesopotamia and lands westward to the
Mediterranean
III. Empires in Mesopotamia
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Hammurabi’s Empire (1792- 1750
B.C.E.)
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Employed an army of foot soldiers (axes,
spears, copper or bronze daggers)
Divided and subdued opponents
Gained control of Sumer and Akkad creating
a new Mesopotamia
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Called himself sun of Babylon, the king who has
made the four quarters of the world subservient
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new capital at Babylon
p12
III. Empires in Mesopotamia
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The Code of Hammurabi: Society in
Mesopotamia (Discussion)
What does the code reveal about culture
and society?
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PP 18-19 of text
Do the codes evidence a “system of strict
justice” or represent a code that is written in
the principle of “an eye for an eye” or system
of equal punishment?
What type of justice system is it?
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Stele of
Hammurabi
Depicts Kings
Divinity
Records the code
p14
III. Culture of Mesopotamia
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The Importance of Religion
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Understanding of physical environment
Polytheistic
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An – God of Sky
Enlil- God of wind
Enki – God of earth, rivers, wells and canals and
inventions of crafts
Ninhursaga – goddess of soil, mountains,
vegetation
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Mother goddess, mother of all children
Gave birth to kings
divination
p15
III. Writing & Sciences
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Cuneiform “wedge-shaped”
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Oldest texts 3000 B.C.E.
Writing as a form of communication and
knowledge transference is only 5,000 years
old
Math, Geometry, Astronomy, 12 month
Calendar
Cuneiform
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Developed for record keeping
Scribal education established to produce
professionally trained elite scribes
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Temples, palaces, military, government
Table 1-1 p12
Development of Cuneiform
3100 – 700 B.C.E
The sign for star came to mean
“god” or “Sky”
p15
IV. Egyptian
Civilization:
“The Gift of
the Nile”
Figure 1-4 p17
IV. Egyptian Civilization:
“The Gift of the Nile”
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A. The Impact of Geography
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The Nile- gentle and predicable
Black land – fertile soil
Red land – deserts to the west and east
Lower Egypt – delta region
Upper Egypt – upstream and to the south
Protected from invasion
Prosperous agricultural economy
Development of trade
Old, Middle & New Kingdoms
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Periods of Long term stability
Strong Monarchical authority
Competent Bureaucracy
Freedom from invasion
Construction of temples and pyramids
Intellectual and cultural activity
Intermediate Periods
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Period between the three Kingdoms
Weak political structures
Rivalry for leadership
Invasions
Decline in construction
Restructuring of society
First Dynasty of Egypt
3100 BCE
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King Menes
United Upper and Lower Egypt
Double Crown Created to represent
unification
p23
Old Kingdom
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3-6th Dynasties, 2686 – 2180 BCE
Capital at Memphis
Kingship: the Pharaoh – divine origin
Kings Family - administrative
Ruled according to principle of Ma’at
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Conveyed ideas of truth and justice, right
order and harmony
Development of 4th Dynasty
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Bureaucracy
Office of Vizier “Steward of the whole
Land”
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Responsible to the King
Nomes & Nomarchs
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Egypt divided into provinces
22 – Upper Egypt
20- - Lower Egypt
Nomarch – or governor administrated and
was responsible to the King and Vizier
Middle Kingdom
2055 – 1650 BCE
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Nomes restructured with boundaries and
obligations to state clarified
Nomarchs became hereditary
officeholders
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Collected state taxes
Recruited labor for royal projects
New concern of Pharaohs for the people
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King Menkaure &
Queen
Invasion my
Hyksos of W. Asia
ended the Middle
Kingdom by 1650
BCE
Hyksos prevailed
with horse-drawn
Chariots
Ruled for 100
years
p19
IV. D. Culture of Egypt
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Four Tiered Hierarchy
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God-King
Nobles & Priests
Merchants & Artisans
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Extensive trade & international travel
Commoners or farmers
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Paid taxes
Military & labor service
IV. D. Culture of Egypt
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Polytheistic
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Sun God – Atum, Re
Air God – Amon
River and land god and goddess – Osiris
and Isis, born Horus
Osiris – symbol of resurrection and birth
Culture of Egypt - Construction
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Complexes or cities of the dead
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Incorporated Pyramids
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Mastabas
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Larger for kings burial, smaller or family
Rectangular structures with flat roofs, tombs for
noble officials
Tombs
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Rooms furnished and stocked so the Ka or
spiritual body could return to a well preserved
physical body (mummification)
Culture of Egypt – Art and
Writing
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Hieroglyphics – “priest carvings” or
“sacred Writings”
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Developed to record and transmit
knowledge
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Pictographic like Cuneiform
Medical books, literature, record keeping
Children taken to educate as scribes for
royalty and government
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Opportunity to rise in social status
Pictographic writing of Egypt
p15
IV. E. Egyptian Empire
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18th Dynasty
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Pharoahs used new weapons to throw off
Hyksos and reunite Egypt
New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 BCE
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Most powerful state in the Middle East
Massive wealth displayed by new temples
Queen Hatshepsut
1503-1480BCE
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First women to become Pharaoh
Built the great temple Deir el Bahri near
Thebes
Sent out military expeditions
Encouraged mining
Fostered agriculture
Sponsored trade expeditions
Kingdom of Nubia
p23
Akhenaten & Religious Change
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18th C Amenhotep (1364-1347 BCE)
introduced the worship of Aten, god of
the sun disk (Monotheistic Religion)
Changed his name to Akhenaten –
Servant of Aten
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Closed temples of other gods
Lessened power of Amon-Re and the
priesthood at Thebes
Replaced the Capital of Thebes with
Akhetaten “Horizon of Aten” in modern Tell
el-Amarna
IV. Egyptian Civilization:
“The Gift of the Nile”
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F. Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: Family and
Marriage
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Monogamy
Harems for Kings
Women high status
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Maintained property and inheritance
Could seek divorce with compensation
Adultery punished
Decline of Egyptian Empire
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19th Dynasty under Ramses II (1279 –
1213 BCE) restored Egyptian power
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Regained Canaan
13th Century invasions by “sea peoples”
drove borders to original frontiers
20th Dynasty in 1070 for 1000 years
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Libyans
Nubians/Kushites
Persians
Macedonians