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Egyptian and Nubian Empires Chapter 4 Section 1 Main Idea and Key Terms • Two empires along the Nile, Egypt and Nubia, forged commercial, cultural, and political connections • • • • • • • • • Hyksos New Kingdom Hatshepsut Thutmose III Nubia Ramses II Kush Piankhi Meroë Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt • After the prosperity of the Middle Kingdom, Egypt descended into war and violence • Weak pharaohs and power disputes led to the fall of Egypt to the Hyksos • During the Hyksos rule was when the Hebrews arrived in Egypt • The Egyptians resented the Hebrews Egyptian & Nubian Empires • Around 1600, Queen Ahhotep helped drive out the Hyksos • The next pharaoh, Kamses, and his successors drove the Hyksos out of Egypt to Palestine • The Hebrews that remained in Egypt were enslaved • They left during the “Exodus” The New Kingdom • The pharaohs of the New Kingdom sought to build an empire • Using bronze weapons and two-wheeled chariots, the Egyptians became conquerors New Kingdom • Hatshepsut declared herself pharaoh around 1472 b.c.e. • She encouraged trade instead of war • She sent a trade expedition to the Land of Punt, near present day Somalia • They brought back many items for ceremonies, as well as gold and ivory New Kingdom • Hatshepsut’s stepson, Thutmose III, was much more warlike • May have murdered his stepmother to take the throne • He invaded Palestine and Syria, as well as south into Nubia, along the upper Nile • This was the height of the Egyptian Empire Hatshepsut New Kingdom • Later, the Egyptians faced the Hittites • Ramses II signed a treaty • Like the Old Kingdom, rulers of the New Kingdom erected great buildings • They hid their tombs beneath desert cliffs at the Valley of the Kings near Thebes • www.thebanmappingproject.co m Decline • Shortly after Ramses died, the entire Eastern Mediterranean faced a series of invasions • After the invasions, Egypt never recovered • The empire broke apart, and became regional kingdoms • Eventually the Nubians came north and seized power New Kingdom The Kush • For centuries, Egypt dominated Nubia and the kingdom of Kush • After the fall of the Egyptian empire, Kush began to rise • Nubia then established a Kushite throne in Egypt • The Kushites adopted clothing, Gods, writing, and customs from the Egyptians Kush • In 751 b.c.e., a Kushite king named Piankhi overthrew the Libyan dynasty ruling Egypt • The Assyrians invaded in 671 b.c.e. and drove out the Kushites • They fled south, where they experienced a golden age, despite their loss of Egypt The Golden Age of Meroë • After the defeat in Egypt, the Kushite royal family moved south to Meroë • Meroë lay along the Red Sea • It became active in trade with Arabia, Africa, and India • Unlike Egypt, Meroë enjoyed significant rainfall and had iron ore • Became a manufacturer of weapons and tools Meroë • Natural resources flowed out of Africa and luxury goods from India and Arabia flowed in • After four centuries of prosperity, from about 250 b.c.e. to 150 c.e., Meroë began to decline • Aksum began to dominate North African trade