Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Thebes, Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Plagues of Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Index of Egypt-related articles wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian medicine wikipedia , lookup
Art of ancient Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Middle Kingdom of Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian race controversy wikipedia , lookup
Prehistoric Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egypt Chapter 2 and 4 II. The Nile People A. Geography of Egypt 1. The Nile 1. Viewed as the giver of life to Egypt 2. Flows for 4,100 miles – longest river in the world 3. Flows from south to north 4. Has three tributaries (smaller rivers that flow to create the Nile) 5. Floods every July – recedes in October 6. Creates a Cycle of Egyptians 1. 2. 3. Flood Plant Harvest~ II. The Nile People 2. Upper Egypt 1. 2. 3. 4. 3. Located in southern part of Egypt Long skinny strip of land Boundaries – from the first cataract (boulders that create rapids) to the mouth of the delta The Arabian and Libyan Deserts create boundaries in the east and west Lower Egypt 1. 2. 3. 4. Located in the northern part of Egypt Boundaries – from the mouth of the delta to the Mediterranean Sea Marshy, nutrient rich area Contains lots of wild life~ II. The Nile People 4. Advantages 1. 2. 3. 5. Predictable flooding Transportation – going north (currents) / going south (sail) Lots of natural protection – hot deserts, cataracts Disadvantages 1. 2. Unpredictable amount of silt left on the river banks Natural protection caused Egypt to develop in isolation~ II. The Nile People B. Kingdoms of the Nile 1. Early history a. b. c. 5000 BC people move into the Nile River Valley (the desert heated up) and formed farming villages 3200 BC Egypt has contact with Mesopotamia 2000 BC Egypt is trading with kingdoms in Southern Africa~ II. The Nile People 2. Old Kingdom a. b. c. d. First great period in Egyptian history Lasted from 3100-2200 BC Marks the first time that Upper and lower Egypt were united under one ruler 3100 BC the Pharaoh of Upper Egypt (Menes) unites both Kingdoms under his rule – starts the Old Kingdom~ II. The Nile People e. f. Government 1. Egyptian territory will be broken up into counties called nmorchs – ruled by governors 2. Pharaoh a. Were viewed as gods b. Were all powerful c. Were the center of religion, army, and imperial government Technology 1. Developed hieroglyphics as a writing system 2. Started building pyramids during old kingdom 3. The Great Pyramid was built for Pharaoh Khufu 4. Develop a standing organized army under Pharaoh Pepi I~ II. The Nile People g. h. Trade / Contact 1. Explore the surrounding deserts for copper, turquoise, and gold 2. Limited trade with the Mesopotamians Conclusion 1. Great advancements and technology will be created 2. Time of Egyptian isolations – will allow them to develop independently of all other cultures – make the Egyptians unique 3. End of the Old Kingdom a. The central government will collapse after a string of bad rulers b. Creates a time of turmoil and civil war c. Egypt will seprate when the governors become too powerful~ II. The Nile People 3. Middle Kingdom a. Will last from 2000-1640 BC b. Pharaoh Mentuhotep I (Upper Egypt) will reunite Upper and Lower Egypt 1. He conquered the governors and 2. destroyed their armies~ II. The Nile People 3. Government a. Characterized by a time of internal power struggles b. For example – Amenehat I will over throw Menes IV and gain control of Egypt c. One development – Egyptian Pharaoh Amenehat I will make his son co-pharaoh 1. Son will grow up being trained to be pharaoh 2. Creates a stable leader to take over after the pharaoh dies II. The Nile People 4. 5. Trade / Contact with outsiders a. Trade will expand, especially with the Mesopotamians b. Egyptian start mining more copper, gold, turquoise to trade with other cultures c. Started building forts and walled cities to protect Egyptians from invaders – they built 13 total Advancements 1. Started building pyramids again 2. Every pharaoh wanted a pyramid 3. Very poorly build and not as large as the pyramids of the Old Kingdom~ II. The Nile People 6. The Fall of the Middle Kingdom a. The Hyksos from Canaan (modern day Israel) will attack and conquer Egypt in 1640BC – this will end the Middle Kingdom b. How do they do it? 1. They have chariots and iron weapons 2. They also have better military strategies 3. The Egyptians become slaves in their own country~ II. The Nile People 4. New Kingdom (1540-1070 BC) a. Ahmose I (Upper Egypt) will expel the Hyksos from Egypt 1. The Egyptians will adopt the Hyksos iron and chariot technology 2. The Egyptians will also learn the Hyksos military tactics 3. They will be able to mount a revolt and kick the invaders out b. Ahmose I will begin the last great period of Egyptian history~ II. The Nile People 3. Trade, Expansion, and War a. The Egyptians will be aggressive and actively seek to conquer the cultures around them – for example they will conquer the Nubians to the south of them for gold b. Trade routs will expand deeper into Africa, the Middle East, Europe and even Asia c. Will also be a time of war 1. Egypt constantly fighting with the Hittites in the Middle East over the control of Syria 2. Also at war with a group of nomadic invaders called the “Sea People”~ II. The Nile People 4. Great Pharaohs a. New Kingdom held many great rulers 1. Ramesses II i. Ruling at the time of the Jewish Exodus ii. End the conflict with the Hittites by signing a mutual defense treaty (the first on in history) 2. Hatshepsut i. Was a female ii. Great ruler iii. Her rule was a period of peace and prosperity – she stopped wars and made Egypt the richest it had be in its history~ II. The Nile People 3. Amenhotep IV i. A bad leader of the time ii. Attempted to get rid of the Egyptian polytheistic religion and establish a monotheistic one iii. Wanted to worship the god Aten (a lesser sun god) iv. Moved the capitol to Akhenaton v. Essentially he took away the power of the priests and nobles vi. He was hated by the Egyptians – and thought to be poisoned by his top advisor – for the betterment of Egypt~ II. The Nile People Tutankhamen the “Boy King” i. Son of Amenhotep and Nepheriti ii. Became pharaoh at age 9 iii. Instrumental in restoring the old gods and religion of Egypt iv. Returned the capitol to Memphis v. Died at the age of 17 vi. May have been murdered because of his father’s decisions vii. Historically important b/c Tut’s was the first untouched tomb to be discovered End of the New Kingdom a. A civil war will break out in Thebes b. The government will not be able to stop the rebels c. This war weakens Egypt and allows outside invaders in to take over~ 4. 5. II. The Nile People C. The Egyptian Culture 1. Daily Life 1. Most people were farmers – even though the Pharaoh owned most all of the land 2. Had five main social classes 1. Pharaoh 2. Middle Class 3. Lower Class 4. Slave Class 3. Had a strong work ethic 4. Overall had an optimistic view of life~ II. The Nile People 2. Religion 1. Polytheistic 2. Worshipped thousands of gods – 5 main ones 1. Re (Ra): The sun-god; represented as falconheaded - seem as the father of the gods 2. Isis: Isis is known as the divine mother - wife of Osiris and mother of Horus 3. Osiris: The god of the underworld, king of the dead - seen as the great judge of the dead 4. Horus: The falcon-deity, originally the skygod, identified with the king during his lifetime. 5. Anubis: the jackal-god, patron of embalmers, healers, and surgeons; in both healing and mummification ceremonies~ II. The Nile People 2. Religion (cont.) 1. Egyptians will build temples to worship the gods 2. Afterlife 1. Egyptians create an extensive view of the afterlife – very complex 2. When they die, Osiris will judge them and determine if the get to make the journey through the afterlife and return to Earth 3. Mummification 1. Process of preserving a body 2. complex and very important to make sure the body was life-like for when the soul returned after it was judged 4. Also had Book of the Dead - group of funerary chapters which began to appear in ancient Egypt around 1600 BC~ II. The Nile People 3. Mystical Egypt 1. Magic 1. Extremely important 2. Examples – spells, incantations 3. Used to protect, heal, hurt, love 2. Amulets 1. Pieces metal or stone formed into important Egyptian symbols 2. Worn as jewelry 3. Buried with mummies to protect the person on their journey through the underworld 4. Also used to protect people in daily life 3. Curses 1. Used for protection of the tombs 2. The Real Mummy’s curse~ II. The Nile People 4. Writing 1. Egyptians will write using hieroglyphics 1. Pictogram language – pictures will represent an object or sound 2. Thousands of symbols 3. The Rosetta Stone – found in 1799 by French soldiers rebuilding an Egyptian Fort 2. Egyptians will paper scrolls made from papyrus reeds~ II. The Nile People 3. Science and Technology 1. Medicine 1. Had a knowledge of anesthetic 2. Transplanted organs 3. Used anti-biotics 4. Were dentists 5. Set broken bones and could treat fevers 2. Advancements 1. Developed a calendar – based on the flood (solar year) 2. They developed a number system – could add and subtract – used geometry 3. First to build stone columns in temples and palaces~ Egypt The Great Pyramid Hieroglyphics Sea People Ramesses II Hatshepsut Amenhotep IV Tutankhamen King Tut’s Tomb King Tut’s Tomb Egyptian Social Pyramid