Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Ancient Egyptian funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Index of Egypt-related articles wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian race controversy wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian medicine wikipedia , lookup
Middle Kingdom of Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Prehistoric Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egypt Timeline of Three Kingdoms Geography • “Gift of the Nile” • Protection from invasion • Limited settlements • “Black Land”- fertile • “Red Land”- desert How did Egypt’s topography promote peace & prosperity? •Nile Valley protected on 3 sides by desert •natural barriers •didn’t have to use as much of their wealth for defense •Labor used for….? •Irrigation=cooperation Why is Egypt “Gift of the Nile”? • Animals – Fish, ducks, geese, edible fowl • Papyrus-baskets, paper, sandals • Food-grains • Influenced art, religion etc. • Provided for basic survival • Inspired positive, cyclical view of the world What is a “Shaduf”? •Technology •Raised water from Nile to irrigate fields •Prevented salt from building up & destroying fertility of soil How did flood patterns effect Egypt? • Emerged from south • Spring rains sent water downstream into Nile • Rich silt deposited • Cooperation was essential • Dikes, reservoirs, irrigation ditches channeled river & stored water for dry season • Lower • Upper What were the environmental challenges? • Small changes in amount of water led could lead to starvation or destruction • Deserts reduced interaction w/ other cultures • Led to self-sufficiency Religion How did religious beliefs shape lives of Egyptians? • Each soul had to pass test to win eternal life • Dead soul would be ferried across a lake of fire to the hall of Osiris • Osiris would weigh soul against feather of truth • Sinners fed to crocodile-shaped Eater of the Dead • Worthy souls entered “Happy Field of Food” Book of the Dead •Spells, charms, formulas for the dead to use in the afterlife • “I have made no man to suffer hunger. I have made no one to week. I have done no murder…I have not encroached upon the fields of another. I have not added to the wrights of the scales to cheat the seller…I have not turned back water when it should flow… I am pure. I am pure. I am pure.” Mummification • Afterlife was same as life • Body must be preserved • Originally a privilege for rulers and nobles • Eventually ordinary people won the right to mummify their dead • Led to knowledge of human anatomy Egyptian Writing • Hieroglyphics=form of picture writing used for important records • Ideograms symbolized idea or action • Demotic-simpler form of script for everyday • Papyrus What was the Rosetta Stone? • Black basalt slab bearing an inscription dating from year 196 BCE • Crucial key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs • discovered in 1799 by Napoleon’s troops • Deciphered by Jean Champollion • Hieroglyphics, demotic, Greek Medicine • Belief in magic • Knew human body • Observed symptoms, diagnosed illness • Surgery, medicines Science • Priest astronomers studied heavens, mapped constellations • Charted movement of planets • Practical geometry to survey land • Engineers for pyramids & irrigation systems Egyptian Painting & Sculpture • Statues, wall paintings • Everyday scenes of trade, farming, family life, religious ceremonies • Military victories • Unchanged style for thousands of years • Pharaohs & gods larger • Heads & limbs in profile • Eyes & shoulders facing viewer • Some humans have animal heads showing special qualities Government: How was Upper and Lower Egypt Unified? Who was Narmer? • 3100 BCE, King of Upper Egypt united the two regions • Linked north & south • First united state • Significant trade w/ rest of Africa, Middle East & Mediterranean world • Sailboats, barges What is a dynasty? • A ruling family • Power passed from family member • If no family member, then another was chosen • Pharaoh-”great house” Who/What was Pharaoh? • Living God • Absolute power • Owned & ruled over all the land What was Pharaoh’s role? • Preserve justice & social order- Ma’at • Depended on vizier or chief minister to supervise government What did the Vizier do? • Managed the bureaucracy • Tax collection • Farming • Irrigation system • Thousands of scribes carried out his instructions Who was Ptah-hotep? • Trained many young officials • Wrote Instruction of Ptah-hotep • Advised his son how to avoid errors • Reveals the importance of scribes Egyptian Society Slaves not essential for the economy Old Kingdom (2700 BCE - 2200 BCE) • Pharaohs organize strong government – Khufu – harsh ruler, built Great Pyramid • Pyramid Age – giant pyramids at Giza • New developments in agriculture • Increased trade • Development of cities • Power struggles, crop failures, cost of pyramids caused collapse Djoser 2630 – 2611 BCE – fought off invaders and expanded territory – New developments in agriculture, increased trade, development of cities – constructed Step Pyramid at Saqqara – Ended a famine Khufu 2551-2528 BCE • Ruled a united Egypt • Used his relatives to help him • Harsh ruler who treated his subjects cruelly • Built the Great Pyramid at Giza Middle Kingdom (2050 BCE – 1800 BCE) • Corrupt government • Frequent rebellions • Food shortages – People rebel • land drained for farming • Hyksos conquer Egypt Senusret I (1971 – 1926 BCE) • fought against Nubia & Libya • built fortresses • Protected gold, copper, granite resources in Sinai • Encouraged cultural development • Supervised construction of buildings • created elaborate improvements to existing shrines & temples • Jubilee Chapel at Karnak • Craftwork & literature Ramses II “The Great” (1290 -1224 BCE) • Most powerful ruler of the period • Battle of Kadeshfought to standoff against much larger Hittite force • Signed 1st known peace treaty New Kingdom Period • Time of Reunification • Hyksos expelled • Pharaohs created large empire • Traded w/ lands along eastern Mediterranean & Red Sea • Great temples built • Nubians, then others invaded Queen Hatshepsut (1540-1482 BCE) • Daughter of one Pharaoh/ widow of another • Ruled in stepson’s name but then declared herself Pharaoh • Encouraged trade • Brought back ivory, spices, incense Hatshepsut’s Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahri- Akhenaten (Amenhotep) 1353 – 1335 BCE El Amarna – Created new religion of one god-Aten – Controversy, disputes over his religious beliefs – Abandon Thebes & built new city – New spectacular, buildings, elaborate ceremonies, works of art – Married to Nefertiti – After death he was so unpopular that his city was abandoneddestroyed Akhenaten: Rebel Nile Tour of the Pharaohs Tombs Nubia • • • • • • • • • • Also known as Kush Egyptians traded/ fought w/them Gold, Ivory, cattle, slaves Nubians served in Egyptian armies Egyptian art shows Nubians as soldiers, musicians, prisoners As Egypt declined, Nubia regained its independence 750 BCE Nubian kings took control Saw themselves as restorers of Egyptian glory Ruled like earlier pharaohsrespected traditions 650 BCE Assyrians w/ iron weapons conquered Egypt & pushed Nubians south Story of Sinuhe: Popular Egyptian Folk Tale • “His majesty said, “Behold thou art come. Thou has trodden the foreign countries and made a flight. But now elderliness has attach thee; thou has reached old age… Do not live in exile any longer…I answer: What is it that my lord says to me? Behold, I am before thee… may thy majesty do as he pleases… • Tells us how Egyptians viewed both themselves and the people of the surrounding desert