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First Semester Exam Review World History Standard One The student will analyze the origins, structures, and interactions of complex societies in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean from 3500 BCE to 500 BCE. Standard One Elements A: Describe the development of Mesopotamian societies; include the religious, cultural, economic, and political facets of society, with attention to Hammurabi’s law code. B: Describe the relationship of religion and political authority in Ancient Egypt. C: Explain the development of monotheism; include the concepts developed by the ancient Hebrews, and Zoroastrianism. D: Describe early trading networks in the Eastern Mediterranean; include the impact Phoenicians had on the Mediterranean World. E: Explain the development and importance of writing; include cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and the Phoenician alphabet. World History Chapter 1 The Peopling of the World Section 1 Vocabulary Artifact – a human made object such as a tool or piece of jewelry. These objects often give clues to how people lived, dressed, how they worked and worshipped. Section 1 Vocabulary Culture – a people’s unique way of life. Usually culture is learned by what archaeologists find in their digs of ancient places. These findings are often used to re-create a picture of early people’s cultural behavior. Culture is the way of life of a group of people. It includes common practices of a society, its shared understandings, and its social organization. Section 1 Vocabulary Hominid – a human being characterized as walking upright. Examples of hominids are: australopithecines, who closely resemble humans beings. The footprints of this species’ footprints provided striking evidence about human origins. Hominids were able to walk upright and had an opposable thumb. Section 1 Vocabulary Homo Habilis – new hominids that appeared just before australopithecines vanished in East Africa around 2.5 million years ago. Homo Habilis means “man with skill”. Lewis and Mary Leakey found the first of this type of human in East Africa in Olduvai Gorge. The Leakey’s believed these humans used tools made of lava to cut meat and crack open bones. Section 1 Vocabulary Homo Erectus – hominids which appeared 1.6 million years before homo habilis vanished in East Africa. Homo Erectus means “upright man”. It is believed this species of human was a more intelligent and adaptable one than homo habilis. This species was intelligent enough to develop technology to become skillful hunters and invented sophisticated tools for scraping, digging and cutting. Section 1 Vocabulary Homo Erectus also became the first species to use the skill of migration from Africa as far away as India, China and Southeast Asia and Europe. This species was the first to use fire. This species may have even been the first to develop a spoken language. Section 1 Vocabulary Homo Sapiens – humans who eventually developed into homo sapiens, the species name for modern humans. Homo Sapiens means “wise men”. They had larger brains. Scientists have classified Neaderthals and CroMagnons as early homo sapiens. Section 1 Vocabulary Neanderthal – found in the Neander Valley in Germany. These people had heavily slanted brows, well developed muscles and thick bones. These people lived between 200,000 to 30,000 years ago. These people tried to control and explain their environments. They developed religious beliefs and performed rituals. They even held funerals. Section 1 Study Questions Archaeologists face the challenge of locating places to conduct their dig. They look for promising dig sites. They also have to spend a great deal of time sifting through large amounts of dirt to find remains. Section 1 Study Questions Anthropologists study culture. Culture is a people’s unique way of life . This is the way of life for a group of people. People are not born knowing culture, instead they must learn culture. Culture is learned in two ways: By observing and imitating the behavior of people in society. People in society directly teach culture to those who need to learn through spoken or written language. Section 1 Study Questions The footprints provided clues about human prehistory and evidence that the earliest hominids may have lived in Africa. Homo Sapiens were called “wise men” because of the size of their brains. Cro-Magnons, rather than Neanderthals became the ancestors of modern humans because Cro-Magnons were more successful at adapting to their environments. Section 2 Vocabulary Nomad – men and women of the “Old Stone Age”. They were highly mobile people who moved from place to place foraging or searching for new sources of food. Hunter-gatherer – a nomadic person whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods. Section 2 Vocabulary Neolithic Revolution – agricultural revolution. This was a far reaching change in human life resulting from the beginnings of farming. The shift from food-gathering to foodproducing culture represents one of the great breakthroughs in history. Questions for Review….. The Neolithic Revolution refers to the time when early humans A. mastered fire B. developed agriculture C. migrated from Africa D. began to organize governments. **B. developed agriculture The hunter-gatherers way of life made it impossible for people to live A. in groups B. in cold climates C. in permanent dwellings D. without permanent dwellings **C. in permanent dwellings Questions for Review Priests directed activities at the ________, the center of religious life of a city-state. A. pyramid B. agora C. acropolis D. ziggurat **D. ziggurat In Sumerian civilizations, scribes kept records with a written language called __________. A. cuneiform B. papyrus C. hieroglyphics D. pictographs **A. cuneiform Questions for Review Hominids evolved into modern humans known as Homo Sapiens. What does homo sapien mean? A. good human B. wise human C. smart human D. old human **B. wise human All of the following are names of early humans EXCEPT: A. homo genius B. homo sapien sapien C. homo erectus D. homo habilis ** A. homo genius Questions for Review A people’s unique way of life, including customs, family life, and social relationships is known as A. caste B. dynasty C. hierarchy D. culture **D. culture What did Mary Leakey’s discovery of footprints indicate about hominids? A. They were species of australopithcenes B. They supported themselves as hunter-gatherers C. They walked upright earlier than had been believed D. They lived in a place where they had not been thought to exist. World History Chapter 2 Early River Valley Civilizations Standard and Elements SSWH1: The student will analyze the origins, structures, and interactions of complex societies in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean from 3500 BCE to 500 BCE. SSWH1b: Describe the relationship of religion and political authority in ancient Egypt. SSWH1e: Explain the development and importance of writing; include cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and the Phoenician Alphabet. Standard and Elements SSWH2: The student will identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500 CE. SSWH2d: Explain the impact of Confucianism on Chinese culture; include the Mandate of Heaven. SSWH2e: Explain how the geography of the Indian Subcontinent contributed to the movement of people and ideas. Section 3 Vocabulary Scribes – professional record keepers. Most early civilizations developed a system of writing. Cuneiform – an invented system of writing meaning “wedged-shaped” that consisted of pictographs or symbols of objects. Section 4 Vocabulary Ziggurat – a massive, pyramid-shaped temple which means “mountain of god” that serves as the religious center of civilizations. The outer parts of a ziggurat has a flight of about 100 mud brick stairs that lead to the top. At the peak of the ziggurat, priests perform rituals to worship the city god or sheep to sacrifice. The temple also houses storage areas for grains, woven fabrics and gems, which were offerings to the gods. Section 1 Vocabulary Section 1 Vocabulary Mesopotamia – land between the rivers. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers flow southeastward to the Persian Gulf. These rivers flooded Mesopotamia at least once a year. The flood water left a thick bed of mud called silt. Farmers used this rich soil and river water to yield large quantities of wheat and barley. Section 1 Vocabulary City-State – functioned as an independent country of today does. Sumerian city-states included Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Umma and Ur. Section 1 Vocabulary Dynasty – military leaders who became full time rulers passed down their power to their sons, who would eventually pass down power to their heirs. This series of rulers from a single family is called a dynasty. Section 1 Vocabulary Cultural Diffusion – the exchanging of products and ideas with neighboring cultures. A new product or idea spreads from one culture to another. Polytheism – The belief in more than one god. Section 1 Vocabulary Empire – brings together several peoples, nations, or previously independent states under the control of one ruler. Hammurabi – a Babylonian king who caused Babylon to reach its peak during his reign from 1792 BC to 1750 BC. His most enduring legacy is the code of laws he put together called the Code of Hammurabi. Section 1 Vocabulary Hammurabi Section 1 Study Question Three environmental challenges for the people who began to settle in the Mesopotamian: Unpredictable flooding combined with a period of little or no rain. The land sometimes almost became a desert. With no natural barriers for protection, a Sumerian village was nearly defenseless. The natural resources of Sumer were limited. Building materials and other necessary items were scarce. Section 1 Study Question A city-state functioned much like a present day country does today. Military leaders gained power in the city-states by frequent wars that led the Sumerians to give military leaders control of standing armies. These leaders eventually took political power. Section 1 Study Question Sumerians believed that many different gods controlled the forces of nature. Sumerians gave human qualities to their gods such as falling in love, having children, quarreling, etc. Sumerians build impressive ziggurats for the sacrifice of animals, wine and food. Sumerians worked hard to earn their gods’ protection. Section 1 Study Question Sumerians believed that the souls of the dead went to the “land of no return”. (a place between the Earth’s crust and the ancient sea) 2nd Question: Sumerians had social classes which went from the noble (kings and rulers) to slaves. Section 1 Study Question The Sumerians invented the wheel, sail and plow and were the first to use bronze. Some other Sumerian inventions were: Arithmetic and geometry Architectural innovations such as arches, columns, ramps, pyramids. Cuneiform – a system of writing. Section 1 Study Question Sargon of Akkad was a conqueror, ruler, and renowned military leader who defeated the citystates of Sumer. Sargon marched his army from Akkad to Sumer. The Akkadians had already adopted many of the Sumerian cultural traits before the conquest. By taking control of the both northern and southern Mesopotamia-he created the world’s first empire. His dynasty lasted 200 years. Section 1 Study Question Hammurabi’s Code of Law advanced civilizations because it established a uniform law code for his empire. It also reinforced the idea that government had a responsibility to its citizens. Section 2 Vocabulary Narmer – the Egyptian king given credit for uniting Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom. Historical evidence shows that the king of Lower Egypt wore a red crown, and the king of Upper Egypt wore a white crown. Narmer is said to have worn a crown that was red on one side and white on the other, showing unity of the two kingdoms. Section 2 Vocabulary Pharaoh – Egyptian god kings who were thought to be almost as splendid and powerful as the gods of the heavens. The pharaoh stood at the center of Egypt’s religion, government and army. The Egyptian’s felt that is was the pharaoh’s responsibility to see to the kingdom’s well-being. Section 2 Vocabulary The Egyptian’s felt that the pharaoh caused the sun to rise, the Nile to flood, and the crops to grow. It was the pharaoh’s duty to promote justice and truth. Section 2 Vocabulary Mummification – the process by which elite or royal Egyptians’ bodies were preserved. The bodies would be embalmed and dried to prevent it from decaying. Section 2 Vocabulary Hieroglyphics – simple pictographs. The term comes from the Greek words hieros and gluph, meaning sacred carving. With this type of writing, a picture stands for a word or idea, just as with the Sumerians and cunieform. Section 2 Vocabulary Papyrus – a writing surface created by the Egyptians made from papyrus reeds. These reeds grow in the marshy Nile delta. The reeds are split into narrow strips and placed in two layers while damp, and pressed. As the plant’s sap dries, the sap sticks the sheets together into a paper-like sheet. Section 2 Study Question Egypt is referred to as the “Gift of the Nile” because just as in Mesopotamia, the Nile brought yearly flooding in July from rain and melting snow from the mountains which cause to river to exceed its banks. In an otherwise parched land, the abundance of water brought great farming opportunities. The Egyptians worshipped the river as a god who gave life and sometimes took life. Therefore it was nicknamed the “Gift of the Nile”. Section 2 Study Question The difference between the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms of Egypt: Old Kingdom – (2700 – 2200 BC) Pharaohs had absolute power and were considered gods on Earth. Pharaohs were buried in pyramids only during this time period. Section 2 Study Question Middle Kingdom – (2100 to 1800 BC) This was considered as Egypt’s “Golden Age”. Trade, arts and literature flourished. Pharaoh’s were expected to be good kings and wise rulers. During this time pharaoh’s were buried in hidden locations, not in large pyramids. Section 2 Study Question New Kingdom – (1500 to 1000 BC) Egypt’s expansion period. Egypt expanded her borders through military conquest and became a world power. Pharaoh’s were all powerful and were buried in one geographic location called the “Valley of the Kings”. Section 3 Vocabulary Subcontinent – the landmass that includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. These countries make up the Indian subcontinent. A wall of the world’s highest mountains separates this region from the rest of the Asian continent. The mountains are the Hindu Kush, Karakorum, and the Himalayas. Section 3 Vocabulary Section 3 Vocabulary Monsoon – seasonal winds that dominated India’s climate. From October to February, winter monsoons from the northeast blow dry air westward across the country. From the middle of June through October, the winds shift and blow eastward from the southwest, carrying moisture from the ocean in great rain Section 3 Vocabulary Section 3 Study Question The environmental challenges that Indus River Valley farmers faced were: Just as the Sumerian civilization, floods of the rivers were unpredictable. The rivers sometimes changed course. The cycle of wet and dry seasons brought by the monsoon winds was unpredictable. Too little rain equaled withered plants. Too much rain swept away whole villages. Section 4 Vocabulary Loess – yellowish silt from the banks of the Huang He or Yellow River flooding its banks. The silt is actually fertile soil called loess. This fertilized soil is blown by the winds from deserts to the west and north. Section 4 Vocabulary Oracle bones – animals bones and tortoise shells on which priests had scratched questions for the gods. After questions were inscribed on a bone, a priest applied a hot poker to it, which caused it to crack. The priests then interpreted the cracks to see how the god answered. Section 4 Vocabulary Mandate of Heaven – divine approval obtained by just rulers. The concept of the mandate was that royal authority came from heaven. A wicked or foolish king could lose the Mandate of Heaven and so lose the right to rule. The Mandate of Heaven became central to the Chinese view of government. Section 4 Vocabulary Dynastic Cycle – the pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties. Complete Dynastic Cycle Activity. Feudalism – a political system in which nobles owe loyalty and military service to the king and protection to the people who live on their estates. Section 3 Study Question The most important aspects of Chinese culture were: Family was central to Chinese society. Social classes Religious beliefs Development of writing Section 4 Study Question One major advantage of Chinese writing was that people in all parts of China could learn the same system of writing, even if their spoken languages were very different. The Chinese language helped unify a large and diverse land and made control much easier. The disadvantage of the Chinese system was the enormous number of written characters to be memorized. There was a different character for each unit of language. A person needed to know over 1500 characters to be barely literate. Section 4 Study Question The Zhou (joh) Dynasty replaced the Shang Dynasty. They kept much of the Shang culture, therefore there was no sweeping cultural change. To justify their conquest, the Zhou leaders declared that the final Shang king had been such a poor ruler that the gods had taken away the Shang’s rule and given it to the Zhou. Section 4 Study Question The Mandate of Heaven helped explain the cycle of rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties. Section 4 Study Question The Zhou Dynasty came to a decline because gradually their rule weakened. In 771 BC nomads from the north and west sacked the Zhou capital and murdered the Zhou monarch. Questions for Review The type of religion that supports the belief in many gods is A. monotheism B. christianity C. polytheism D. atheism **C. polytheism The creator of the world’s first empire is A. Sargon of Akkad B. Hammurabi of Babylon C. Narmer of Egypt **A. Sargon of Akkad Questions for Review A series of rulers from the same family A. mandate B. hierarchy C. dynasty D. clan **C. dynasty Papyrus was used in which ancient civilizations writing system? A. Sumerian B. Chinese C. Babylonian D. Egyptian **D. Egyptian Questions for Review Mummification involves A. sleepwalking B. preserving dead bodies C. recording history D. capturing dreams **B. preserving dead bodies Monsoons are seasonal ___________ that occur with regularity and have a great effect on India. A. waves B. droughts C. tides D. winds **D. winds Questions of Review Which of the following was not a step in the Mandate of Heaven? A. rise B. replacement C. destruction D. decline **C. destruction Which dynasty largely shaped Chinese civilizations? A. Zhou B. Shang C. Xia D. Chang **Zhou World History Chapter 3 People and Ideas on the Move SSWH1: The student will analyze the origins, structures, and interactions of complex societies in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean from 3500 BCE to 500 BCE. SSWH2: The student will identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500BCE. Elements of Standard SSWH1c: Explain the development of monotheism; include the concepts developed by the ancient Hebrews and Zoroastrianism. SSWH1d: Describe early trading networks in the Eastern Mediterranean; include the impact Phoenicians had on the Mediterranean world. SSWH1e: Explain the development and importance of writing; include cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and the Phoenician Alphabet. Elements of the Standard SSWH2b: Explain the development and impact of Hinduism and Buddhism on India and subsequent diffusion of Buddhism. SSWH2d: Explain the impact of Confucianism on Chinese culture, explain the Mandate of Heaven. SSWH2e: Explain how the geography of the Indian Subcontinent contributed to the movement of people and ideas. Who are the IndoEuropeans? A group of nomadic people who came from the steppes or dry grasslands that stretched north of the Caucasus Mountains. These people are primarily pastoral who herded cattle, sheep, and goats. They also tamed horses and rode into battles on light, two-wheeled chariots. They lived in tribes that spoke forms of a language that we call Indo-European. Why do so many languages originate from the IndoEuropeans? So many Indo-Europeans were ancestors of many of the modern languages of Europe, Southwest Asia, and South Asia. English, Spanish, Persian and Hindi all trace their origins back to different forms of the original Indo-European language. Look at chart on page 61. Indo-European Languages English Spanish Persian Hindi Sanskrit Greek Who are the Hittites? A group of Indo-European speakers who by about 2000 BC occupied Anatolia, also called Asia Minor. Anatolia is a large peninsula in modern day Turkey that juts out into the Black and Mediterranean Seas. Who are the Hittites? The Hittites excelled in the technology of war. The Hittites were the first in Southwest Asia to work with iron and harden it into weapons. Iron ore and wood were easily accessible to them in the mountains of Anatolia. Who are the Aryans? An Indo-European people whose homeland was probably somewhere between the Caspian and Aral Seas. These people crossed over the northwest mountain passes into the Indus River Valley of India. What are vedas? The Aryans left almost no archaeological record, however their sacred literature, the Vedas, left a picture of Aryan life. The Vedas are four collections of prayers, magical spells, and instructions for performing rituals. The most important is the Rig Veda, a song book of 1028 hymns to Aryan gods. Aryan Caste System The Aryans were divided into three social classes or castes: Brahmins or priests Warriors Peasants or traders What is Hinduism? What are the beliefs of those who practice this religion? Hinduism is a collection of religious beliefs that developed slowly over a long period of time. Some beliefs of those who practice Hinduism are: They share a common worldview. They see religion as a way of liberating the soul from the illusions, disappointments, and mistakes of everyday existence. What are the beliefs of those who practice the Hindu religion? Those who practice this religion believe in reincarnation (rebirth) whereby an individuals soul or spirit is born again until (moksha) a state of perfect understanding of all things is achieved. They also believe in karma a soul’s good or bad deeds. Karma influence’s specific life circumstances, such as castes people are born in, one’s health or wealth. What are the beliefs of those who practice this religion? Hindus today are free to choose the deity they worship or to choose none at all. Hindu ideas about karma and reincarnation strengthened the caste system. The beliefs of Hinduism and its caste structure dominated every aspect of a person’s life. How might the lack of a single founder result in Hinduism changing more over time than other religions? No single set of original beliefs determines Hinduism’s development so it can change more freely than religions with a founder. Who is Siddhartha Gautama? The founder of Buddhism. The Buddhist legend states that as a baby, he exhibited the marks of a great man. The prophecy stated that if the child stayed at home he was destined to become a world ruler. However, if the child left home he would become a universal spiritual leader. Who is Siddhartha Gautama? What is enlightenment? Wisdom that Siddhartha found after wandering around in the wilderness for six years. Siddhartha did three things to find this enlightenment: He debated with other religious seekers. He fasted-ate only 6 grains of rice per day. He meditated for 49 days under a large fig tree. How did Siddhartha Gautama gain the name “Buddha” ? After this meditation, he achieved an understanding of the cause of suffering in this world. From then on he was referred to as “the enlightened one” or Buddha. What are the Four Noble Truths? These four principles became the main ideas that Buddha came to understand in his enlightenment. The Four Noble Truths Life is filled with suffering and sorrow. The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world. The way to end all suffering is to end all desires. The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way between desires and self denial. What is the Eightfold Path? A guide to behavior, similar to a staircase. For Buddha, those who were seeking enlightenment had to master one step at a time. This mastery would occur over many lifetimes. Eightfold Path is referred to as the Middle Way. The Middle Way Right Views Right Resolve Right Speech Right Conduct Right Livelihood Right Effort Right Mindfulness Right Concentration Hinduism vs. Buddhism Similarities Search for a perfect understanding. Search for an end to suffering. Believe in reincarnation. Accepted a repetitive view of history.(The world is created and destroyed over and over. Differences Buddhism rejected a caste system. Hinduism accepted castes. Buddha rejected the many gods of Hinduism. Hinduism was founded by multiple founders. Buddha was the soul founder of Buddhism. Nirvana By following the Eightfold Path, anyone could achieve Nirvana. Nirvana is Buddha’s word for release from selfishness and pain. How does Buddhism affect social caste systems? Because Buddha rejected social caste systems, many of his first followers were laborers and craftspeople. The Buddha reluctantly accepted women into religious orders. Monks and nuns took solemn vows (promises) to live a life of poverty, to be non-violent, and not to marry. They traveled throughout India spreading Buddha’s teachings only accepting charity offerings. Questions for Review Which of the following was NOT a language that helped to develop the Indo-European language? A. Spanish B. French C. Hindi D. English **B. French The Hittites can be described as a people who were A. Gentle B. Unintelligent C. Militaristic D. Dependant on other cultures for survival **C. Militaristic Questions for Review What are the three social classes of the Aryan caste system? A. Hindis, Brahmins, Hittites B. Sanskrit, Vedas, Indo-European C. Brahmin, slaves, peasants D. Peasants, Warriors, Brahmins **D. Peasants, warriors, Brahmins A religion founded based on a set of beliefs with no distinct founder is _____________. A. Buddhism B. Jainism C. Hebrew D. Hinduism **D. Hinduism Questions for Review Both the religions of Buddhism and Hinduism believe in which concept? A. Caste systems B. Karma C. Reincarnation D. Enlightenment **C. Reincarnation Siddhartha Gautama is responsible for the founding of which religion? A. Hinduism B. Confucianism C. Jainism D. Buddhism ** D. Buddhism Questions of Review How long did it take Buddha to meditate before he reached enlightenment? A. 4 months B. 49 days C. 14 days D. 4 years **B. 49 days What is one major difference between Hinduism and Buddhism? A. Hinduism believes in caste systems, Buddhism does not. B. Hinduism believes in reincarnation, Buddhism does not. C. Buddhism searches for an end to suffering, Hinduism does not. D. Hinduism searches for true understanding, Buddhism does not. **A. Caste systems Knossos and King Minos Knossos was the capital city of the Minoan civilization that was discovered by archaeologists in the late 19th and 20th centuries. King Minos was a legendary king who owned a half-human, half-bull monster, called the Minotaur. Phoenicians About 1100 B.C. after the decline of Crete, they were most powerful traders along the Mediterranean. They were remarkable shipbuilders and seafarers. They were the first Mediterranean people to venture beyond the Strait of Gibraltar. Phoenicians Their two most important city-states were Tyre and Sidon. They produced a red-purple dye made from a small snail called a murex and the trading center for papyrus called Byblos. They were superb craftspeople who worked in wood, metal, glass, and ivory. Phoenicians What is the greatest legacy of the Phoenicians? The Alphabet. The Phoenicians developed a writing system that used symbols to represent sounds. The Phoenicians system was phonetic or one sign was used for one sound. The Phoenician Alphabet Who is Abraham? He was chosen by God in the Torah to be the “father” of the Hebrew people. Abraham was a shepherd who lived in the city of Ur, in Mesopotamia. God commanded Abraham and his family to move to Canaan. What is monotheism & covenant? Monotheism is a belief in a single god. The word comes from the Greek words mono meaning “one” and theism, meaning “god-worship”. A mutual promise between God and the founder of the Hebrew people is called a covenant. Who was Moses? The Bible says that the Hebrews migrated to Egypt to escape drought and a threat of famine. At first they were honored in Egypt, but later they were enslaved and as a result the Hebrews fled which was called the “Exodus”. The man who led the Hebrews out of slavery was Moses. Who was Moses? Moses was raised by the Egyptian pharaoh’s daughter. Moses climbed Mt. Sinai where the Bible says he talked to God and received the stone tablets called the “Ten Commandments”. The Ten Commandments and Moses teachings became the basis for the civil and religious laws of Judaism. Moses Three Israel kings… Saul, David and Solomon. From about 1020 to 922 BC, the Hebrews united under these three able kings. The new kingdom they developed was Israel. Three Israel kings… King Saul The first of the three kings was chosen largely because of his success in driving out the Philistines from the central hills of ancient Palestine. Saul is portrayed in the Bible as a tragic man who was often jealous of others. Saul was succeeded after his death by David. King David David was Saul’s son-in-law. He was a popular leader who united the Hebrew tribes and established Jerusalem as the capital and founded a dynasty. King Solomon David was succeeded by his son, Solomon. Solomon was the most powerful of the Hebrew kings. He built a trading empire. He beautified the capital city of Jerusalem by building a great temple which he built to glorify God. World History Chapter 4: First Age of Empires Section 1: The Egyptian and Nubian Empires Section2: The Assyrian Empire Section 3: The Persian Empire Section 4: The Unification of China SSWH1: The student will analyze the origins, structures, and interactions of complex societies in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean from 3500 BCE to 500 BCE. SSWH2: The student will identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500 CE. Who was Hatshepsut? Why was she considered one of the most prosperous Egyptian rulers? Hatshepsut An Egyptian woman who declared herself pharaoh around 1472 B.C. She took over after her stepson, the male heir, was a young child at the time he inherited the throne. She spent her time as a pharaoh encouraging trade rather than waging war. Her trading expeditions brought things to Egypt such as ivory, gold, and unusual plants and animals. Hatshepsut Who was Thutmose III and why was he a more warlike ruler than Hatshepsut? Thutmose III Hatshepsut’s stepson. In his eagerness to ascend to the throne, he may have murdered his stepmother. He led a number of victorious invasions eastward into Palestine and Syria and he also pushed into Nubia. Thutmose III Who was Ramses II? Ramses II Reigned over Egypt’s New Kingdom from 1290 to 1224 B.C. He stood out among the great builders of the New Kingdom. He had a temple built into the red sandstone cliffs above the Nile River and had them decorated with enormous statues of himself. Ramses II Where is Nubia? This is a region of Africa that straddled the upper Nile River. Egypt had traded with Nubia and influenced the region since the time of the Middle Kingdom. What are some characteristics of Nubians? The Nubians were the people of the Nubian kingdom of Kush. These people lived in southern Egypt between the first cataract of the Nile and the division of the river into the Blue and White Nile. These people were great traders. Nubians were influenced by Egyptian priests, soldiers, governors and artists. What is the relationship between Nubia and Kush? The kingdom of the Nubian people is Kush. Some are called Nubians and some are called Kushites. The Kushites learned Egyptian language and worshipped Egyptian gods. Kushites adopted the customs and clothing styles of the upper class. Who were the Assyrians? The people of Assyria acquired a large empire by means of a highly advanced military organization and state of the art weaponry. The Assyrians came from the northern part of Mesopotamia. An Assyrian King Sennacherib often bragged about his conquests and especially the burning of Babylon. Who were the Assyrians? Why did the Assyrians become so powerful? Assyria was a society that prided themselves on military strength. The soldiers were well equipped making use of the ironworking technology. Soldiers covered themselves with stiff leather and metal armor. They wore copper helmets, padded lion cloths, and leather skirts layered with metal scales. Their weapons were iron swords and iron-pointed spears. Why did Assyrians become so powerful? They used advanced planning and technological skill to lay siege to enemies. The Assyrians used techniques such as pontoons to fight in water, digging under city walls to weaken their enemies, and marching soldiers in shoulder to shoulder formations. Who was Nebuchadnezzar and how did he contribute to the rebirth of Babylon? King given credit for restoring the city of Babylon. His most famous restoration was the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. His empire fell shortly after his death. Who was Cyrus? Why was he called the “Great”? Persian king who was a military genius who led his army from victory to victory between 550 and 539 BC. Cyrus’ most enduring legacy was his method of governing. His kindness toward conquered peoples revealed a wise and tolerant king. Cyrus was called the great because he demonstrated compassion in the conquest and organization of his empire. Who was Cyrus? Who was Cambyses? Explain his rule of Persia. Cyrus’ son who succeeded to the Persian throne after his father’s death in 530 BC. He expanded the Persian Empire by conquering Egypt. He was not as wise as his father and scorned Egyptian religion by having all images of Egyptian gods burned. He died after ruling for only 8 years. Who was Cambyses? Who is Darius? Why was he an effective king? Cambyses’ successor who ruled from 521 to 486 BC. A member of the noble ruling dynasty who began his career as a member of the kings bodyguard. He was a great warrior, although his real genius lay in administration. He brought peace and stability to the empire. He divided his empire into 20 provinces, called satrapies. Who is Darius? Why was he an effective king? Each satrapy was governed by a satrap or governor who was also known as the “protector of the kingdom”. The satrap had the responsibility of collecting taxes, providing justice, and recruiting soldiers. What was the Royal Road? The Royal Road was a system of wellmaintained roads dotted with way stations that provided food, shelter, and fresh horses that allowed Darius to communicate quickly with the most distant parts of the empire. The road stretched from Lydia to Susa. In this system the Persian king had exalted power. Who is Zoroaster? What did he teach? A Persian prophet who offered an answer to the question of why so much suffering and chaos existed in the world. His religion taught a belief in one god Ahura Mazda. It was a monotheistic religion. Ahura Mazda gave humans the freedom to choose between right and wrong. Who is Confucius? What were his teachings? Confucius was known to the Chinese as the “First Teacher”. He was the most influential Chinese philosopher and scholar who developed Confucianism or the system that showed how Confucius was upset with the violence and moral decay of his era. He believed that social order, harmony, and good government could be restored in China if society was organized around five basic What were Confucius’ teachings? The five basic relationships were: Ruler and subject Father and son Husband and wife Older sibling and younger sibling Older friend and younger friend Three of these relationships were based on family which was an important part of Chinese culture. What is Filial Piety? Bureaucracy? Filial Piety is the belief of Confucius that children should always show respect for their parents and ancestors. Bureaucracy is a trained civil service, or those who run the government, based on Confucius’ belief that education could transform a humble born person into a gentlemen. Confucius What is Daoism? *Daoism was a system of ideas based on the teachings of Laozi. *According to tradition, Laozi or the Old Master lived around the same time as Confucius. Scholars do not know if Laozi actually existed, however people associate him with Daoism. The chief ideas of Daoism are straightforward by not concerning itself with the meaning of the universe. It sets forth proper forms of human behavior. Daoism Unlike Confucianism, Daoism believes that the way to follow the will of Heaven is not through action but inaction. What is Legalism? Unlike Confucianism and Daoism, Legalism proposed that human beings were evil by nature. Legalists were referred to as the “School of Law” because they rejected the Confucian view that government by “superior men” could solve society’s problems. Instead they argued for a system of impersonal laws. What is Legalism? Legalists believed in harsh laws and stiff punishment. Legalists always believed that all people were bad and not capable of being good. What is the concept of Yin and Yang? The concept that two powers together represented the natural rhythms of life. Yin represents all that is cold, dark, soft, and mysterious. Yang represents all that is warm, bright, hard, and clear. The symbol of Yin and Yang is a circle divided into halves. The circle represents the harmony of yin and yang. Yin and Yang What is the Qin Dynasty? Qin Dynasty 221 BC to 206 BC. Replaced the Zhou Dynasty. Short lived dynasty. Dynasty created by Qin Shihaungdi or “The First Ruler”. Who is Shi Haungdi? Shi Haungdi or “First Ruler or Emperor” Emperor who united China during his reign. He created a monetary system and an extensive road system of more than 4000 miles. He created irrigation projects that increased farm production. His most elaborate project was the Great Wall of China. What type of government did Shi Haungdi create? He created an autocratic government or a government that has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner. What were Shi Haungdi’s major accomplishments? He created a monetary system and an extensive road system of more than 4000 miles. He set the same system of writing, law, weights and measures. He created irrigation projects that increased farm production. His most elaborate project was the Great Wall of China. Great Wall of China Questions for Review First woman Egyptian ruler who took the throne when the kingship was going to a child. A. Ramses III B. Thutmose II C. Tutankamen D. Hatshepsut **D. Hatshepsut What was one thing that the Assyrians were NOT known for? A. leather and metal armor B. advanced military techniques C. showing compassion for those they conquered D. acquiring large empires **C. showing compassion for those they conquered Questions for Review What king is responsible for the restoring of one of Seven Ancient Wonders of the World, The Hanging Gardens of Babylon? A. Cyrus the Great B. Nebuchadnezzar C. Darius III D. Cambyses I **B. Nebuchadnezzar Why was Cyrus called the “Great”? A. because he showed compassion for the empires he conquered. B. because he was a large man C. because he created the largest empire in Persian history D. because he wanted to boost his own morale **A. Questions for Review What made Darius such of an effective ruler over such of a large empire? A. He was very cruel and always enforced harsh punishment B. He required his subjects to give up their regular rituals and routines. C. He ruled his entire empire all by himself. D. He divided his kingdom into small regions with governors called satraps. **D. What was the Royal Road not used for? A. means of communication B. means of trade C. means of protecting the royal class citizens when they traveled D. means of providing travelers with rest places **C. Questions of Review Which of the following was not one the concepts that Confucius believed in for his philosophy of Confucianism? A. reincarnation B. social order C. harmony D. good government **A. reincarnation The philosophy of legalism believed all the following except? A. Humans are evil by nature B. Humans should receive strict punishment for wrong actions C. Humans are bad and not capable of being good D. Humans should receive a chance to fix what they did wrong **D.