Download Abnormal - Disorders and Mental Health

Psychological
Disorders
Coach Vittrup
Psychology
12/8/14
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Defining and Classifying
 Historical Explanations of
Abnormal Behaviors
• Demonic possession
• Physical diseases
• Products of psychological
conflicts
• Learned maladaptive behaviors
• Distorted perceptions of the
world
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Defining and Classifying
 Criteria for “abnormality”
• Distress
• Dysfunction
• Deviance
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Defining and Classifying
 Distress
• Cause for significant
anxiety, sorrow or
emotional pain
• Usually comes when
disproportionately
acute or long-lasting
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Defining and Classifying
 Dysfunctionality
• Inhibits their ability to perform everyday, typical functions
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Defining and Classifying
 Deviance
• Behavior that departs from cultural
norms
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Defining and Classifying
 What is Abnormal Behavior?
Behavior that is so:
• Personally distressful
• Personally dysfunctional
• Culturally deviant
that others judge it as inappropriate
or maladaptive
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Defining and Classifying
 DSM-IV
• Diagnostic and
Statistical
Manual of Mental
Disorders,
Fourth Edition
• Most widely
used
classification
system in U.S.
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Defining and Classifying
 DSM-IV Axes
• Axis I: Primary clinical symptoms
• Axis II: Long-standing personality or
developmental disorders
• Axis III: Relevant physical conditions
• Axis IV: Intensity of environmental stressors
• Axis V: Coping resources as reflected in
recent adaptive functioning
13-10
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Defining and Classifying
 Legal Concepts
• Competency
• Defendant’s state of
mind at the time of a
judicial hearing
• Insanity
• Presumed state of
mind of defendant at
time crime was
committed
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Anxiety Disorders
 Definition
• Frequency and intensity of anxiety
responses are out of proportion to
the situations that trigger them
• Anxiety interferes with daily life
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Anxiety Disorders
 Components of Anxiety
Responses
•
•
•
•
Subjective-emotional
Cognitive
Physiological
Behavioral
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Anxiety Disorders
 Phobias
• Strong and
irrational fears of
certain objects
or situations
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Anxiety Disorders
 Agoraphobia: Fear of open and public
spaces from which escape would be difficult
 Ablutophobia: Fear of bathing

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
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Alektrophobia: Fear of chickens
Consecotalephobia: Fear of chopsticks
Ombrophobia: Fear of being rained on
Sesquipedalaphobia: Fear of long words
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Anxiety Disorders
 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Chronic state of diffuse, “freefloating” anxiety
• Anxiety not attached to specific
objects or situations
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Anxiety Disorders
 Panic Disorder
• Panic occurs suddenly and
unpredictably
• Much more intense than typical
anxiety
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Anxiety Disorders
 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Obsessions
• Repetitive and unwelcome
thoughts, images, or impulses
• Compulsions
• Repetitive behavioral responses
13-19
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Anxiety Disorders
 Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
• Severe anxiety disorder
• Can occur in people exposed to
extreme trauma
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Anxiety Disorders
 Symptoms of PTSD
• Severe symptoms of anxiety, arousal,
and distress
• Reliving of trauma in flashbacks
• Numb to world and avoidance of
reminders
• Intense “survivor guilt”
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Anxiety Disorders
 Biological Factors in Anxiety
• Overreactive autonomic nervous
system
• Overreactive neurotransmitter
systems involved in emotional
responses
• Overreactive right hemisphere sites
involved in emotions
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Anxiety Disorders
 Cognitive Factors
• Maladaptive thought patterns and
beliefs
• Exaggerated misinterpretations of
stimuli
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Dissociative Disorders
 Breakdown of normal personality
integration
• Results in alterations to memory or
identity
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Dissociative Disorders
 Psychogenic
Amnesia
• Response to
stressful event
with extensive
but selective
memory loss
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Dissociative Disorders
 Dissociative Identity Disorder
(DID)
• Formerly called multiple personality
disorder
• Two or more separate personalities
coexist in the same person
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Dissociative Disorders
 Causes of DID
• Trauma-Dissociation Theory
• Development of personalities is a
response to severe stress
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Mood (Affective) Disorders
 Involve depression and
mania
 Most frequently experienced
(with anxiety disorders)
psychological disorders
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Mood (Affective) Disorders
 Major
Depression
• Intense depressed
state
• Leaves people
unable to function
effectively in their
lives
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Mood (Affective) Disorders
 Symptoms of Depression
•
•
•
•
Negative mood
Cognitive symptoms
Motivational symptoms
Somatic (physical) symptoms
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13-31
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Mood (Affective) Disorders
 Bipolar Disorder
• Depression
alternates with
periods of mania
• Mania = Highly
excited mood and
behavior
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Mood (Affective) Disorders
 Prevalence of Mood Disorders
• 1 in 20 Americans is severely
depressed (Narrow et al., 2002)
• 1 in 5 Americans will have a
depressive episode of clinical
proportions during lifetime (Hamilton,
1989)
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Mood (Affective) Disorders
 Gender Differences
• Women about twice as
likely to suffer from
depression
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Mood (Affective) Disorders
 Depressive Cognitive Triad
Negative thoughts concerning:
• The world
• Oneself
• The future
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13-36
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Mood (Affective) Disorders
 Learned Helplessness Theory
• Depression occurs when people
expect that bad events will occur and
they think that they can’t cope with
them
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Suicide
 Willful taking of one’s life
 Second most frequent cause of
death among high school and
college students
 Women attempt more suicides;
men are more likely to kill selves
13-38
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13-39
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Suicide
 Warning Signs of Suicide
• Verbal or behavioral threat to kill self
• History of previous attempts
• Detailed plan that involves a lethal
method
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Schizophrenia
 Severe disturbances in:
•
•
•
•
•
Thinking
Speech
Perception
Emotion
Behavior
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Schizophrenia
 Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
• Misinterpretation of reality
• Disordered attention, thought,
perception
• Withdrawal from social activities
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Schizophrenia
 Diagnosis of Schizophrenia cont.
• Strange or inappropriate
communication
• Neglect of personal grooming
• Disorganized behavior
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Schizophrenia
 Delusions
• False beliefs that are sustained in the
face of contrary evidence normally
sufficient to destroy them
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Schizophrenia
 Hallucinations
• False perceptions that have a
compelling sense of reality
• Can be auditory or visual
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Schizophrenia
 Subtypes of Schizophrenia
• Paranoid
• Delusions of persecution and
grandeur
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Schizophrenia
 Subtypes of Schizophrenia
• Disorganized
• Confusion and incoherence
• Severe deterioration of adaptive
behavior
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Schizophrenia
 Subtypes of Schizophrenia
• Catatonic
• Motor disturbances from muscular
rigidity to random or repetitive
movements
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Schizophrenia
 Positive Symptoms
• Bizarre behaviors such as delusions,
hallucinations, and disordered
speech, thinking
 Negative Symptoms
• Absence of normal reactions
• e.g., emotional expression,
motivation, normal speech
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Schizophrenia
 Biological Causes
• Genetic predisposition
• Destruction of neural tissue
(neurodegenerative hypothesis)
• Atrophy in brain regions that
influence cognitions, emotions
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Personality Disorders
 Stable, ingrained, inflexible, and
maladaptive ways of thinking,
feeling, and behaving
 Increase likelihood of acquiring,
maintaining several Axis I
disorders
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Personality Disorders
 Three Clusters:
• Dramatic and impulsive
behaviors
• Anxiety and fearfulness
• Odd and eccentric
behaviors
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Personality Disorders
 Antisocial Personality
Disorder
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•
•
•
Psychopaths or sociopaths
3:1 male-female ratio
Lack a conscience
Fail to respond to punishment
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Childhood Disorders
 ADHD (Attention
Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)
• Attentional difficulties
• Hyperactivity-impulsivity
• Most common childhood disorder (710% of U.S. children)
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Childhood Disorders
 Causes of ADHD
• Genetic predispositions
• Brain scans show no differences with
“normals”
• Environmental factors
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Childhood Disorders
 Other Externalizing Disorders
• Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
• Disobedient, defiant, hostile
• Conduct Disorder
• Violate social norms and show
disregard for others’ rights
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Dementia in Old Age
 Alzheimer’s Disease
• 60% of senile dementias
• Caused by deterioration in frontal
and temporal lobes of brain
• Plaques in brain
• Destruction of cells that produce
acetylcholine